M asirin duniya. Principles Huygens Fresnel

Light mamaki ne sananne saboda mu, domin, ganin su daban-daban bayyananen, ba mu ko da tunani game da yanayin da matakai. A rabo na samar da mutum kwakwalwa bayanai ta hanyar daidai mamaki na haske ya kai casa'in cikin dari, na nuna cewa su babbar rawar a rayuwarmu. A richness na duniya kewaye da mu fenti sama blue color, bakan gizo, kansa gani a cikin madubi ne batu na bayanin m ga mutane, lyrically shiryayye fiye da ciwon kimiyya hankali. Amma tsakanin masana kimiyya da kuma naturalists neman shiga jigon da abubuwan da suke kewaye da mu da kuma mamaki, don samar da su gwada yawa ji da kuma ingantaccen kima samu da yawa shirye ya shirya asiri na haske.

A farko explorers haske mamaki, waɗanda ayyukansu suka tsira, san game da kaddarorin mai lankwasa saman. Euclid (300 BC), kuma Talomi (127-151 gg.) Sun iya bayyana dokokin geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, amma m aikace-aikace da suka riga samu da yawa daga baya a yi na farko da maki (1285), nesa (1450) , minti (1595).

Ara nazarin mamaki na haske ya sa su motsa daga geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta da kalaman ka'idar haske, da watsuwar abin da aka sani a gare mu kamar yadda da Huygens-Fresnel manufa. Huygens farko tambaye Newton ta ka'idar da samarwa a yi la'akari da haske katako ne ba kamar yadda wani rafi da kankanin barbashi a high-kalubale, da kuma yadda wani kalaman. A kalaman ka'idar Huygens ba kawai cikakken tabbatar da dokokin na geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, amma ba a ga wani sabo ne look at duk mamaki haske. Shan da magana da cewa kowane batu na matsakaici a cikin abin da kalaman yaduwa inherently zama tushen sakandare tãguwar ruwa, Huygens ya iya bayyana manufa dokokin tunani na haske da kuma sauran mamaki, baya aka bayyana ta Newton ta ka'idar. Amma shi bai haifar da wani bayani na akida, da sabon ra'ayi na ka'idar diffraction, da kuma magoya bayan na Newton ta ra'ayoyi da yawa da cewa muhawara game da gaskiya yanayi na haske dade shẽkara ɗari.

A bayani na manufar "diffraction na haske" ne da manufa na Huygens-Fresnel ba ta definition na ta dogara a kan da zango. Sauti baya da bango, mun ji da haske bends a kusa da cikas ba, kuma ba inuwa. Amma Huygens-Fresnel manufa wannan misali ba ƙaryatãwa. Diffraction ne muhimmi a cikin haske tãguwar ruwa, amma shi ne don haka m saboda scantiness girma daga cikin zango na haske, da cewa shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba a gyara shi, da kuma kawai Fresnel ya iya bayyana wannan sabon abu, ya kasance ma iya yin lissafi da zango na haske, wanda shi ne polmikrona (rabin dubbai a cikin millimeter) .

Yin wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaba da kuma tabbaci na gaskiya daga cikin kalaman ka'idar haske a cikin karni na sha tara, Fresnel dauki daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa. Sunansa kuwa ya gangara a tarihi na duniya kimiyya da kayan yau da kullum na ka'idar, kafe a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai Huygens, da ake kira "Huygens-Fresnel manufa."

Idan takaice takaita, da abũbuwan amfãni daga Huygens 'kalaman ka'idar haske ne don bayyana yawa mamaki da Newton ta version na halitta haske ba ya samar da wani bayani. Kaddamar da haske tãguwar ruwa take kaiwa zuwa sabon abu na tsangwama, da shaded zones a irin zobba na Newton kansa a babban malamin ba zai bayyana. Bayan duk, a cikin ka'idar da Kaddamar da luminous fluxes dole ne a tare da karuwa a cikin ƙarfi. A bayyanuwar diffraction a cikin haske kalaman ya iya tabbatar da gwaje-gwajen da Fresnel fiye da gaba daya dispelled shakku game da kalaman yanayin haske.

Wani sabon look at da kaddarorin wani haske katako, wanda dogara ne a kan Huygens-Fresnel manufa shar'anta, ya ba impetus ga ci gaban kimiyya da tunani. A sakamakon haka, mun gani da fitowan na wannan sabuwar dabara a matsayin Laser (60 ta 20 st.), Ya zama mai iko kayan aiki a hannun masana kimiyya, likitanci da gujiya. Masu daukan hoto sun iya haifar da nasu Masterpieces amfani da tacewa, Masana ilmin iya karatu da abun da ke ciki na m taurari a nesa, da kuma da yawa daga wasu yankunan na rayuwar mutum da aka wadãtar da sabon ra'ayi kan yanayin da talakawa haske masaƙa.