Inbreeding - abin da yake da shi? Inbreeding: misalai

Nasarorin da yawan itatuwa aure da kuma ta m msar tambayar tushe na halitta matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin wuraren kiwon ƙyale mutane su yi amfani da wannan ilimi don nasu bukatun. Alal misali, wata na kowa mamaki kamar inbreeding da outbreeding. More saba wa duk synonymous to wadannan sharuddan - lalatar. Mene ne wadannan matakai daga kimiyya ra'ayi da kuma abin da mutum zai iya kai ta yin amfani da su, za mu bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Inbreeding - abin da yake da shi?

Don fara ayyana ra'ayi. Saboda haka, inbreeding, kwayoyin magana kimiyya harshe, shi ne maida hankali m da zuriya alleles kunshi daya genotype, cewa shi ne mai musamman kwayoyin.

Idan fiye da sauki kalmomi amsa tambaya "inbreeding - cewa shi ne," zamu iya cewa shi ne m mararraba na hankali da alaka da siffofin shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da dan Adam ga manufar jari a cikin genotype na wasu alleles na wani gene dauke da ake so hali. A gaskiya ma, akwai da dama da ma'ana da tsari. Saboda haka, a lokacin da ya zo ga mutum, yawan, shi ne a hankali related aure ne ake kira lalatar. Idan ka yi magana game da shuke-shuke, to, wanda yayi magana akan inbreeding. Inbreeding - ra'ayi domin dabbobinmu. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci na iya ma za a yi amfani da amfanin gona kiwo.

heterosis

Akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin matsananci mataki na inbreeding. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da:

• dabba da yake iya kai-hadi.
• inji shi ne kai-pollinated.

A cikin wadannan lokuta, tara a zamaninsu homozygous alleles da ake so alama ce mai sauki, a gaskiya cire daga sa na chromosomes na mutane daban. Wannan dukiya ne yadu amfani a shuka kiwo. Mutane daga ƙarni na farko da kai-pollination sau da yawa nuna irin wannan sakamako, a cikin abin da amfanin ƙasa ne ya karu da 60%! Wannan ne da aka sani a matsayin heterosis, kuma shi ne mafi used hanya domin samar da irin wannan kayayyakin da shuka asalin, kamar:

• auduga.
• barkono.
• Peas.
• wake.
• Citrus.
• alkama.
• sha'ir da sauransu.

A inbreeding yanayi, da za'ayi da mutumin yiwu biya proyavlyaemosti cutarwa gene canja wuri a cikin su heterozygous jihar a nan gaba. Wannan ne yake aikata ta wucin gadi selection. Idan shuka na zaune a cikin yanayi, irin wannan zabin da ainihin yanayin daukan wuri, shi ne na halitta. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin yanayi tsakanin kai pollinating shuke-shuke kusan ba zai yiwu saduwa musakai, hargitsi da kuma tsanani kwayoyin cututtuka.

A tarihin manufar raya kasa

Idan ka nutse a cikin tarihi, mas'ala ta lalatar, akwai wani sosai da haihuwa, tun lokacin da Fir'auna. A daban-daban kaya gane daban da wannan sabon abu. Alal misali, tsoho Romawa lalatar da aka dauke mai tsanani zunubi. Amma a wurare kamar Misira, Turai, da pre-Columbian America, da kuma duk mabiya na kafirci, wannan tsari ya quite wata al'ada bangaren na rayuwa. Brothers yardar kaina aure da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da kuma shi ya yi maraba da shi damar ajiye "m" jini na daular Qing a cikin hali na sarauta da kuma sarauta iyalansu. Duk da haka, Littafi Mai Tsarki ya haramta irin lalatar, lalatar da aka dauke babban zunubi, saboda haka, dukan duniya Kirista ya tsaya tare da lokaci irin wannan tafiyar matakai.

Idan muka magana game da shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da wani abu da aka inbreeding, heterosis abin da mutane koya kawai daga baya empirically. A fili yake cewa yayin da sanin yawan itatuwa aure ba samuwa. Mutane suka nẽmi shiryuwa ne kawai tsabta, da gwaji gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, shi ya isa ga an lura: domin samun ake so fasali da kuma kayyade su a cikin zuriyarsa kamata hybridize a tsakãninsu a hankali tare da data kasance gene siffofin nuna ta azahiri.

Haka ya shafi shuke-shuke. An sani cewa a XIV karni Ottoman girma tulips kyau kwarai al'ada launuka samu ta hanyar inbreeding. Daga cikin dabbobi mafi sau da yawa hõre inbreeding karnuka, tun da sun kasance babban sifa farauta, kuma ta, bi da bi, - kusan babban nisha.

Inbreeding a karnuka, wanda ya ba da karfi, hardiest da kuma horas da sakamakon farauta karnuka. Yana gaskiya ne babban adadin mutane, tasowa daga maye gurbi da aka lalata.

A mataki da inbreeding

Irfanin nazarin manufar da aka ba da masana kimiyya da dama, amma mafi muhimmanci da ayyukan da Banasare Wright da kuma Russia Kislovsky. Tare, amma da kansa da juna, sun kasance iya ƙirƙirar dabara yin lissafi da coefficient na inbreeding zamaninsu. Shi ne kamar haka:

_{F x = Σ F (1/2)} n + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _a) * 100, inda

• F _x - inbreeding coefficient, ya bayyana a matsayin mai yawan.
• F _wani - inbreeding daga magabata.
• n, n _i - dangoginsu.

Idan ka san ƙarni da dama daga cikin jinsunan, kazalika da bayanai game da riga ya kirga inbreeding coefficient ga kakanni, yana yiwuwa yin lissafi a kudi ga wani kwayoyin. Kawai ya kamata a lura da cewa wadannan lissafin ake yi kawai daga msar tambayar nufi. Yi ya nuna cewa wannan hanya ne wanda ya kasa aiki, tun watsi da recessive alleles dauke da cutarwa maye gurbi. Kuma suka iya zama duka homo- da heterozygotes a m tsari.

Saboda haka, sakamakon da yi ne daban-daban daga wadanda lasafta rubuce. Formula Wright-Kislovsky amfani kawai idan rubutu dissertations, lokaci takardunku, dissertations, inda manya-manyan adadin data for yawa na bukatar amfaninsa da kuma kama biya.

Idan muka magana game da mataki na inbreeding, shi muka sanya sama. The kare kiwo yi don nuna a fakaice ta Roman numerals, wanda ya nuna, a cikin abin da tsara da magabata da daidai alamar.

rarrabuwa

Close (kusa) inbreeding - abin da yake da shi? Wannan shi ne daya daga aiwatar bambancin, wanda za a tattauna a kasa. Har ila yau ware matsakaici inbreeding da nĩsa ba. Don gane da babban bambance-bambance da kuma kamance tsakanin jinsuna daban, dubi kowane daga cikinsu.

kusa inbreeding

Wannan ne mafi wuya da kuma m nau'i na tsari. Ya aka tsallaka cikin mafi kusa jini zumunta breeds. Idan aka fassara a cikin mutum -degree dangi, shi ne, misali, wata uwa, kuma ɗa, uba da 'yarsa, da ɗan'uwana, kuma' yar'uwarsu.

A irin wannan mararraba auku kusa musayar kama alleles. A sakamakon haka, da ake so alamar bayyana da sauri a cikin ƙarni na farko a cikin zuriyata. Duk da haka, da hatsarin ne da cewa sakamakon da mutum zai iya kawo boye recessive mutant gene, kuma za a yi ya fi girma, da girma da yawan zuriyarsa. A irin haka ne, m jari na cutarwa bayyanar cututtuka da kuma musakai bayyana, akwai wani stillbirth, rashin haihuwa kwayoyin.

matsakaici views

Irin wannan inbreeding dabbobi ne haye mafi m dangi. Fassara zuwa mutum-mataki dangi ne, misali, uwan, 'yar kuma kawun, da sauransu.

A sakamakon haka, za ka iya hankali, yin hankali selection, don cimma homozygosity for so zaɓi. Wannan tsari ne tsawo, amma shi minimizes da cutarwa homozygous alleles. A sakamakon haka, wanda zai iya samun mai kyau tsara, da karfi, da lafiya da kuma hakuri da kusan kowane zuriyar dabbobi.

Hakika, da recessive allele na mutant gene zai kasance har yanzu fili, watakila, ba sau daya ba, amma a kan lokaci gaba daya ya mutu daga, za a heterozygote.

m view

Wannan inbreeding dabbobi shafi mararraba ba kamar yadda hankali da alaka da mutane. Saboda haka, idan aikin a kan mutane, shi yana iya zama, misali, na biyu uwan maza da mata.

A irin wannan tsari ba a sakamakon sosai rauni, sau da yawa kusan ganuwa. Bugu da kari, nazarin bayar da shawarar cewa a kan lokaci akwai ƙarnõni na mutane da sharply korau halayen. Animals mafi m, mai rauni, mai rikida genes fi yawa da kuma dalilin nakasar.

Babu shakka cewa samun mafi kyau zũriyarmu, iya canza wurin da haruffa zuwa ƙarni na gaba, da kuma haka ta ci gaba da sa sarkar more - shi ne abin da manufofin inbreeding (nufa ga abin da shi da ake amfani).

misalai crossbreeding

Inbreeding a dabbobinsu amfani na dogon lokaci. Kuma wancan shi ne misali na wakilan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne bayyananne yadda yake aiki. Da yake jawabi game da irin wannan inbreeding, misalai sun hada da wadannan:

• thoroughbred doki yawan;
• tsabta Lines na purebred karnuka.
• nau'in breeds monotony dama da sauransu.

A ka'ida, yana yiwuwa su yi amfani da crossover to duk irin dabbobi. Just for mafi shi ne mai tsarki gwaji. Amma inbreeding, misalai daga abin da muka yi ba a sama - wannan shi ne wani aiki na mai m muhimmancin.

Musamman manyan abin yabo nasa ne da gogaggen kare shayarwa suka san ins da sabani na mararraba da kuma samun wani gaske kyau da lafiya zuriya. Amma halittar jini - da kimiyya ne sosai capricious, don haka blunders faruwa. Recessive genes iya bayyana kansu, kuma mutum zai zama m for sale, don dalilin da akayi nufi, duk rayuwa.

Inbreeding a cynology

Kamar yadda muka gani, kare kãshi zuwa asĩri a cikin, sabon abu fiye da wani sauran kwararru. Inbreeding a karnuka - wani muhimmin sharaɗi ne ga kiwo na purebred Lines. Gogaggen kare shayarwa ya tabbatar da cewa mafi girma sakamako wani m nau'i na irin wannan mararraba.

Yanayi na nasara inbreeding karnuka:

• kafa ingancin genotype.
• m, kuma a lasafta tsarin kula da aiwatar.
• zabi matsakaici zaɓi.

Babban abu ga wani makiyayin - su hana farkon inbreeding ciki. Wannan shi ne jihar da layin a lokacin da mutane suka fara aika juna jinsin maye gurbi cewa sa musakai. A sakamakon haka, dukan mutane su ne raunana, m kuma sau da yawa kashe.

outbreeding

Inbreeding a shuka kiwo da muhimmanci sosai, saboda da yawa albarkatu samoopylyaemy, don haka da ya dace shi ne high. Amma a lokacin da ta je dabbobi, mafi amfani tukuna outbreeding - kishiyar sakamako a kan tsarin. Wannan ne ya haye kullum da alaqa mutane zuwa iya mai kyau thoroughbred line. A wannan hanya bred dawakai, da shanu, aladu, da karnuka da sauran dabbobi. Outbreeding - mai sauki ne kuma abin dogara Hanyar da kiwo, kamar yadda daga tsara zuwa tsara ne barga ga zuriyar yawan aiki.