Shuka kiwo

Shuka kiwo ne ake kira da kimiyya na samar da wani qualitatively sabon da kuma kyautata data kasance cultivars. Dalili na selection ne da manyan hanyoyin - selection kuma hybridization. A msar tambayar-akai na selection - ilmin halittar jini.

Features na shuka kiwo saboda da nasara bayani na ayyuka ta da shi. A sosai gagarumin nazarin high quality, danginsu da kuma nau'in bambancin da al'adu, da muhalli da tasirinsa a kan ci gaban da babban fasali na gado alamu na wadannan alamu na hybridization, kazalika da fasali na aiwatar da selection da kuma wucin gadi selection dabarun.

Kowane iri-iri na shuke-shuke saba da wani musamman yanayi, da kuma haka a cikin bangarori daban-daban akwai daban-daban musamman tashoshin da kiwo gonaki ga gwaji da kuma kwatanta sabon shuka iri.

Don shuka kiwo ya cin nasara, da makiyayin da zai yi da varietal bambancin da tushen abu. Scientist NI Vavilov a lokacinsa ya tara da wata babbar tarin iri na shuke-shuke, su da kakanninsu daga ko'ina cikin duniya Duniya, wanda yanzu, nasarar sabunta da kuma aka dauke su zama dalilin aiki a kan zabin kowane al'adu.

N. I. Vavilov gano bakwai cibiyoyin asalin amfanin gona: Kudancin Asia wurare masu zafi, kasashen gabashin Asiya, Rum, ta Kudu-Western Asian, Abyssinian, South American, Central American. A arziki yankin a cikin yawan al'adu - zamanin d cibiyoyin wayewa. A cikin irin wannan wurare, farkon noma da al'adun, da bi, da kuma shuka kiwo da kuma wucin gadi selection za'ayi a kan wani dogon lokaci. Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki, abin da yake wannan ra'ayi da gabatar da.

Akwai wasu hanyoyin da kiwo shuke-shuke: selection kuma hybridization. Fuskantar nuna iya zama mutum da kuma taro.

Mass selection ake kira wucin gadi selection nau'i cewa da ake amfani da zaɓi na da ake kira "giciye-pollinated" shuke-shuke (hatsin rai, masara, sunflower). A wannan yanayin, da sa ne da wata alƙarya kunshi heterozygous mutane, inda kowanne iri daukawa a musamman genotype. Saboda da taro selection adana da kuma varietal halaye an inganta, amma sakamakon irin wannan zabin ne sosai m saboda m giciye-pollination.

Mutum zabin amfani a shuka kiwo, wanda suna pollinated da kansa (sha'ir, alkama). Zuriyya rike duk, ba tare da togiya, ãyõyin iyaye form, da ake kira m Lines (abin da ake kira kai-pollinated ɗiyansa daga wani guda homozygous mutane). Tun mutational matakai faruwa kullum, a gaskiya, homozygous mutane ne musamman rare. Karkashin iko na wucin gadi da kuma zabin yanayi, suka zo kawai bayan gwamnatin rikon kwarya a cikin homozygous jihar.

Shuka kiwo Hanyar zabin yanayi taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa. Duk wata shuka cikin ta rayuwa ne a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu waje dalilai, don haka dole ne ya zama resistant zuwa cututtuka da kuma karin kwari, da kuma saba da ruwa zazzabi.

Inbreeding - inbreeding. Wannan abu ya faru a giciye-pollinated shuke-shuke da kai-pollination. Domin wannan selection Hanyar da aka zaba a wannan shuke-shuke, hybrids wanda suke iya bayar da matsakaicin sakamako na heterosis. Irin shuke-shuke ne batun shekaru masu yawa na tilasta kai-pollination.

Akwai kuma wani Hanyar kamar m hybridization. Don haka ya kira crossbreeding na shuke-shuke da cewa suna cikin jinsuna daban. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, m hybrids ne bakararre, don haka da gametes suna kafa.

Shuka kiwo ma yana da hanyoyi kamar yin amfani da somatic maye gurbi, na gwaji mutagenesis da zabin hanyoyin samarwa IV Michurin. Wadannan da sauran hanyoyin da za ka iya koyo ta hanyar karanta aikin wadannan masana kimiyya.