Ma'ana daga cikin juyayi tsarin. Aiki da juyayi tsarin

Kowane sashin jiki ko tsarin a cikin jiki taka rawa. A lokaci guda su ne duk m. Ma'ana juyayi tsarin overemphasized. Shi ne ke da alhakin hulda a tsakanin dukkan jikinsu da kuma tsarin, da kuma ga aiki na da kwayoyin a matsayin dukan. A farkon makaranta fara sani da irin wannan Multi-faceted ra'ayi, kamar yadda juyayi tsarin. Grade 4 - shi ne har yanzu kananan yara wanda ba zai iya warai fahimta da yawa hadaddun kimiyya Concepts.

tsarin raka'a

Babban tsarin da kuma aikin naúrar na juyayi tsarin (NS) - neurons. Su ne hadaddun excitable Kwayoyin secreting matakai da kuma gane jitters, shi aka sarrafa da kuma daukar kwayar cutar zuwa wasu Kwayoyin. Neurons iya samun Target Kwayoyin ko modulating hana ruwa guda effects. Su wani bangare ne na Bio da hemoregulyatsii jiki. Daga wani aikin ra'ayi, neurons ne daya daga cikin tushe na kungiyar na juyayi tsarin. Sun hada da dama wasu matakan (kwayoyin, sub-salon salula, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Neurons kunshi wani jiki (Soma), da dogon hannu (axon) da kuma kananan sashe matakai (dendrites). A sassa daban daban na juyayi tsarin, sunã da wani daban-daban da kuma siffar size. A wasu daga cikinsu na iya isa axon tsawon 1.5 m. Tafi daga daya neuron zuwa 1000 dendrites. A cewar shi da tashin hankali kara daga rabe ga tantanin halitta jiki. Tare da axon hasken dake fitowa suna daukar kwayar cutar zuwa effector Kwayoyin ko wasu neurons.

A kimiyya, akwai manufar "synapse". A axons na neurons, za sauran Kwayoyin fara sashe da kuma samar da yawa ƙulli a gare su. Wadannan wurare ne da ake kira synapses. Axons samar da su ba kawai a kan jijiya Kwayoyin. Synapses ne a kan tsoka zaruruwa. Wadannan gabobi na juyayi tsarin ne ba ko da a kan sel da endocrine gland da jini capillaries. Jijiya zaruruwa an rufe tare da bawo glial matakai na neurons. Sun yi wani kade aiki.

jijiya endings

Wannan na musamman ilimi, located a tip na tafiyar matakai na jijiya zaruruwa. Su samar da watsa bayanai , a cikin wani nau'i na bugun jini. A jijiya endings suna da hannu a cikin samuwar na watsarwa karshen da kuma ji da na'urorin na daban-daban tsarin kungiyar. By aiki ne ware:

• synapses cewa aika da jijiyar tsakanin jijiya Kwayoyin.

• rabe (afferent ƙulli), Ya shiryar bayanai daga scene factor ciki ko waje yanayi.

• effectors aika da bugun jini daga jijiya Kwayoyin zuwa wasu kyallen takarda.

A juyayi tsarin

A juyayi tsarin (NS) - wani Hadakar sa na dama m Tsarin. Yana inganta hadewa tsari dukkan gabobin da kuma samar da wani mayar da martani ga canza yanayi. The mutum juyayi tsarin, wanda aka wakilta wani photo a wani labarin dangantaka tare da motor aiki, ji na ƙwarai kuma yi wasu dokokin tsarin (rigakafi, endocrine). NA aiki da ake dangantawa da:

• anatomic shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin dukan gabobin da kyallen takarda.

• kafa kuma ingantawa da dangantakar dake tsakanin jiki da kuma kewaye yanayi (muhalli da kuma zamantakewa).

• Coordination of duk tafiyar matakai na rayuwa;

• gwamnatin tsarin.

tsarin

Tiyata na juyayi tsarin ne sosai hadaddun. Shi ne mai yawa Tsarin, daban-daban a cikin tsarin da kuma manufa. Juyayi tsarin, wani photo na wanda shaida ta shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin dukan gabobin da kyallen takarda na jiki, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai karɓar ciki da waje samuwar kasashe. A saboda wannan dalili ne na musamman azanci shine Tsarin da suke da a da ake kira analyzers. Wadannan sun hada da musamman na tsarin jijiya na'urorin da suke iya gane mai shigowa bayanai. Wadannan sun hada da wadannan:

• proprioceptors tattara bayanai game da jihar na tsokoki, da fascia, gidajen abinci, ƙasũsuwa,

• exteroreceptors, located a cikin fata, mucous membranes da ta ji tsoron iya zuwa gane samu daga waje yanayi irritants.

• interoreceptors located in ciki gabobin da kyallen takarda da alhakin yin biochemical canje-canje.

Babban muhimmancin da juyayi tsarin

NA matsayin aikin ne a hankali da alaka da duniya da kuma tare da aiki da kwayoyin. Tare da shi akwai mai ji na bayanai da bincike. Godiya ga wannan ganewa na faruwa samuwar kasashe da kuma kayan ciki ya fito daga waje sakonni. A juyayi tsarin ne alhakin jiki ta mayar da martani ga bayanai samu. Shi ne saboda ta hulda da mutum adaptability samar humoral tsari hanyoyin duniya.

Tamanin da juyayi tsarin ne don samar da daidaituwa na sassan jiki da kuma rike da homeostasis (ma'auni jihar). Saboda da aiki na faruwa kwayoyin karbuwa ga wani canji kira Na'urar hali (jiha).

Ainihin ayyuka na majalisar dokokin kasar

juyayi tsarin ne quite yawa. Babban wadanda suke da wadannan:

• tsari na m kyallen takarda, gabobin da kuma tsarin a al'ada mode.

• Hadewa (hadewa) na jiki;

• adana daga cikin mutum dangantaka da yanayi.

• iko da jiha na mutum gabobin da kwayoyin a matsayin dukan.

• Samar da kuma rike kunnawa sautin (aiki jihar).

• definition daga cikin ayyukan da mutane da su shafi tunanin mutum da kiwon lafiya, wanda shi ne tushen rayuwar zamantakewa.

The mutum juyayi tsarin, wanda photo gabatar sama na samar da irin wannan tunani matakai:

• ji, koyo da kuma sarrafa bayanai.

• bincike da kuma kira.

• samuwar dalili.

• kwatanta da data kasance kwarewa;

• burin saitin da kuma shiryawa.

• gyara mataki (kuskure gyara).

• kimantawa na yi.

• kafa farillai, binciken da kuma karshe na kowa (m) Concepts.

A juyayi tsarin Baya ga alama da kuma daukawa mafi trophic aiki. Godiya ga kasaftawa kwayoyin ilimin aiki abubuwa samar da harshen damo innervated gabobin. Hukumomi, wanda aka hana shi wannan recharge, ƙarshe atrophy kuma mutu. cikin juyayi tsarin da matukar muhimmanci ga dan Adam. Lokacin da gyaggyarawa data kasance muhalli da yanayi tare da su zo cikin jiki daidaita da sabon hali.

Matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin NA

The mutum juyayi tsarin, makirci ne quite sauki da kuma saukin ganewa, shi ne alhakin da hulda da kwayoyin da kuma muhalli. Don tabbatar da shi daukawa fitar da irin wannan tafiyar matakai:

• transduction, canji wakiltar hangula jitters.

• canji, wanda ya auku a lokacin da hira da shigowa zumudi da wasu halaye a cikin effluent daga sauran kaddarorin.

• rarraba zumudi tare daban-daban kwatance.

• tallan kayan kawa, wanda shi ne wata hanya ce ta gina hangula, ya maye gurbin ta sosai tushen;

• daidaitowa, wanda ya musanya juyayi tsarin, ko da ayyukan.

Ma'ana na mutum juyayi tsarin kuma kunshi jiki ta hulda da yanayi. Kamar wancan akwai daban-daban martani ga duk wani nau'in samuwar kasashe. The main iri daidaitowa:

• ruri (kunnawa), shi ne don bunkasa ayyuka na jijiya tsarin (wannan jiha shi ne rinjaye).

• hanawa, danniya (hanawa) kunsha a rage aiki na juyayi Tsarin;

• wucin gadi juyayi dangane, wanda yake shi ne ci gaban da sabon watsa hanyoyi na zumudi.

• roba canji, wanda aka wakilta wayar (kyautata na canja wuri da zumudi) da kuma habituation (tabarbarewar rate).

• kunnawa da jiki, samar da wani reflex dauki na jikin mutum.

NA manufofin

Babban ayyuka na juyayi tsarin:

• Yanayin aiki - kama canje-canje a cikin ciki, ko kuma na waje muhalli. Yana yana da za'ayi ta hanyar Na'urar haska tsarin tsoka mai amsa sigina da kuma wakiltar da ji na inji, thermal, sunadarai, electromagnetic da sauran iri samuwar kasashe.

• Transduction - mayar (tsarinsa) da shigowa siginar zuwa jitters, wanda shi ne wani rafi da hatsaisai da halaye muhimmi hangula.

• aiwatar, kunsha a da isar da zumudi na jijiya tafarkin da a dole rabo da NA zuwa effectors (zartarwa jikinsu).

• Kallon - halittar na tsarin jijiya ruri model (a ci gaba da azanci shine image). Wannan tsari Halicci kayadadden hoto na duniya.

• Sake Kama - canji na touch zumudi a effector. Its manufa shi ne ya motsa jiki jiki ta mayar da martani ga canje-canje na muhalli. Kamar wancan akwai wani downlink watsa zumudi daga sama zuwa ƙananan-kwance sassa na CNS ko PNS (aiki gabobin, kyallen takarda).

• Evaluation na sakamakon ayyuka na majalisar dokokin kasar, tare da taimakon feedback da kuma afferent (azanci bayanai watsa).

A tsarin da majalisar dokokin

The mutum juyayi tsarin, da kewaye daga wanda aka nuna a sama, an raba zuwa fasali da kuma aikin. NA aikin ba za a iya gane da cikakken, ba tare da nazarin babban fasali na da jinsin. Kawai ta wajen yin nazarin su aiki, da wuya daga cikin dukan inji za a iya gane. A juyayi tsarin ne zuwa kashi:

• tsakiyar (CNS), wanda daukawa fitar da dauki a daban-daban matakan da wuya, da ake kira da numfashinsa. Ta tsinkayen samuwar kasashe samu daga muhalli da kuma daga gabobin. Yana hada kwakwalwa da kuma laka.

• gefe (PNS) a haɗa da tsakiya m tsarin da gabobin da kuma wata gabar jiki. Its neurons ne nisa daga kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Yana ba shi da kariyar kasũsuwa, ashe, don haka yiwuwa ga inji lalacewa. Kawai saboda da al'ada aiki na PNS yiwu daidaituwa na ƙungiyoyi na mutum. Wannan tsarin shi ne alhakin da jiki ta mayar da martani ga stressful yanayi da kuma hadari. Godiya ta, a cikin irin wannan yanayi, da bugun jini rãyar da kuma kiwata matakin adrenaline. Cututtuka na gefe m tsarin shafi cikin tsakiya m tsarin aiki.

PNS aka hada da daure na jijiya zaruruwa. Sun je da nisa fiye da kwakwalwa da kuma laka da kuma aika zuwa daban-daban a jikinsu. Su kira jijiyoyi. Don PNS ne ganglia (nodes). Su ne gungu na jijiya Kwayoyin.

Cututtuka na gefe m tsarin rarrabu a kan wannan ka'idodin: Topographical-ilimin Halittar Jiki, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Wadannan sun hada da:

• radiculitis.

• plexites.

• funikulity.

• mono-, poly- da multinevrity.

By etiology, sun kasu kashi dauke da kwayar cutar (da ake dasu, kwayar), mai guba, rashin lafiyan, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, traumatic, hereditary, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. PNS cututtuka iya zama na farko (kuturta, leptospirosis, syphilis) da sakandare (bayan yara kamuwa da cutar, mononucleosis, tare da periarteritis nodosa). A cewar Pathomorphology pathogenesis kuma suka kasu kashi neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), kuma neuralgia.

A Properties daga cikin juyayi tsarin

Reflex aiki ne sun fi mayar da m ta da kaddarorin jijiya cibiyoyin, waxanda suke da wani sa na CNS Tsarin. Su hadewa aiki tsiraru da tabbatar da tsari na daban-daban na jiki ayyuka ko reflex ayyukan. Jijiya cibiyoyin da dama na kowa Properties tsare ta sifa da aiki na synaptic tsarin (lamba tsakanin neurons da sauran tsokoki):

• sidedness zumudi tsari. An rarraba a cikin reflex baka a daya shugabanci.

• sakawa a iska mai guba na zumudi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa wani babba karuwa a ƙarfin da kara kuzari filin fadada aiwatar da hannu a neurons faruwa.

• Summation zumudi. Wannan tsari yana yuwuwa ta gaban dubun na synaptic lambobi.

• High gajiya. Tsawo maimaita ruri auku raunanar da reflex dauki.

• synaptic da bata lokaci ba. reflex dauki lokaci ne gaba daya dogara a kan gudu da kuma lokaci na zumudi yaduwa a fadin synapse. A cikin mutane, wanda irin wannan bata lokaci ne game da 1 ms.

• sautin, wanda wakiltar gaban bango aiki.

• Plasticity, ne mai alama muhimmanci gyaggyara sauran hoto na reflex halayen.

• haduwa na jijiya sakonni, wanda kayyade physiological inji hanya afferent bayanai (m rafi na jijiyar).

• Hadewa da ayyuka na Kwayoyin a cikin jijiya cibiyoyin.

• Property rinjaye jijiya jam'iyya, halin da karin excitability, ikon zumudi da summation.

• cephalization juyayi tsarin, shi ne ya motsa, jiki bunkasa ayyukan a manyan sassa na CNS da kuma natsuwa a cikin tsari aiki.