Mene ne wani tanadi banki? A wadda shekara akwai na farko tanadi banki

Yau, maganar "tanadi banki" daga taro amfani, da kuma ba mu ko da tunani game da gaskiyar cewa kasar ta manyan banki - Sberbank - ya karu saboda wannan sabon abu. Inda ya yi wannan kudi sabon abu da kuma yadda yake aiki? A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da abin da shekara akwai wani tanadi banki, wanda da farko suka zo da wannan inji da kuma yadda juyin halittar tanadi bankuna da aka gudanar a cikin zamani bashi ma'aikata.

A ra'ayi na tanadi

Da zarar wani mutum ya bayyana ragi dũkiya, sai ya fara tunani game da tsare su domin nan gaba amfani. Wannan shi ne yadda da ra'ayin na tanadi. Da farko, wannan tsari ya shafi samfurin - da mutane ya kasance kullum a halayyar yin kayayyaki abinci a hali na yunwa. Yana da cikakken Ilhamin aiki, saboda haka jikin mu yana sanya haddi adadin kuzari a kitse folds, da wani mutum, kamar kurege, misali, da ke sa hannun jari na nan gaba.

Amma manufar saving an haɗa tare da adana tsabar kudi. Domin da farko lokacin da mutane zo hankali don adana kudi don nan gaba amfani da dama dubun daruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Alal misali, a kasar Sin akwai wani hadisin ya fasa tsabar kudi a kan wani "black rana" a lãka tukwane shãfe haske. Cire kudi daga can shi ne kawai zai yiwu ta keta jirgin ruwa. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni, mutane kawai sa a kashe wajen, ba su kawo wani samun kudin shiga, da kuma kawai a lokacin da akwai wani ra'ayin cewa za ka iya sa wadanda tanadi a cikin banki, akwai wani tanadi banki.

A ra'ayi na wani tanadi banki

A hankali kafa musamman kudi inji, wanda a yarda da halittar jari da kuma ta haka a yi maka wani samun kudin shiga. Savings banki - wata kungiya cewa janyo hankalin su daga alƙarya, kuma ku bãyar da depositor sha'awa. Yiwuwar ƙara da babban birnin kasar da aka bayar ta bayar da ajiyar banki a lokacin da yin amfani da wadanda (bashi) sabõda abin da suka, bi da bi, ku bãyar da kashiya.

Yau, da tanadi bankuna da kuma bankuna ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin na kowace ƙasa. Akwai ko da aikata nagartacce iyali tanadi, wanda a tabbatar da zaman lafiyar na tsarin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, juz'i na babban birnin kasar-ceto ne mai kyau rarrabẽwa ga kima da halin da ake ciki a jihar. Kamar yadda mutane fara sa kudi kawai idan akwai isasshen daga gare su.

Da ka'idodin tanadi banki aiki

Akwai riga gargajiya hanyar tara kudi don nan gaba adam amfani - wani tanadi banki. Gudunmawar mutane kawo su samun kudin shiga, wanda shi ne babban himmatuwa factor a cikin tanadin kudi ma'aikata don ƙirƙirar nasu ajiye kudi, maimakon nadawa tsabar kudi a cikin wani gilashi tulu a gida kabad. Amma inda ya aikata wannan riba?

Don biya amfani mutane, hanyoyi za a iya amfani da su. A farko ne da aka sani a matsayin dala makirci: Masu zuba jari sami amfani a kudi na sabuwar janyo hankalin abokan ciniki da suka kawo kudi. A wannan makirci akwai wani babban hadarin da rashin cin nasara, tun lokacin da wani taro karbo daga adibas kai ga auka, da kuma wasu abokan ciniki ba zai sami ba kawai amfani, amma kuma sanya kudi.

A na biyu inji shi ne mafi rikitarwa. Yana nuna cewa kudi, domin su kawo kudin shiga, yana yiwuwa ya ara ga sha'awa ko zuba jari a cikin wani kudaden shiga sunadaran. Savings bankuna yafi aiki da shi a cikin wani "taimako-rance-sha'awa" ba tare da zuba jari.

A labarin da tanadi bankuna a duniya

Domin da farko lokacin da manufa na kudi tanadi inji aka tsara marubuci D. Defoe, wanda aka yi tunani game da yadda za a ci gaba da tanadi, na yawan jama'ar. Zane a kan ra'ayoyi a 1778 a Hamburg, a gida kasuwa bude wani ofishin ga samun tsabar kudi adibas a 3%, wanda za a koma gare bukatar na depositor. Amma sai da ra'ayin ne kawai da gida aiwatar.

Boom tanadi bankuna fara a Ingila a nuna na XVIII-XIX ƙarni. Sa'an nan kuma akwai na farko tanadi banki cewa tabbas zai samu a kan zuba jari da kuma samu ban sha'awa. na farko Birtaniya dokar da irin wannan kudi cibiyoyin da aka soma a 1817. Su aka umurce ka sa da aro kudi kawai a hadari kudi da gwamnatin shaidu. Haka abin ya fara da haɗin gwiwar tsakanin tanadi bankuna da kuma jihar tattalin arzikin. Ta samu ƙarin kudi da kuma tilasta mutane don haifar da tanadi.

Da farko, da tanadi bankuna da aka tsara zuwa ga sosai mafi ƙasƙanci samun kudin shiga kungiyoyin. Saboda haka, an kafa matsakaicin size of wani taimako na 150 fam. Wannan yarda da matalauta don ƙirƙirar wani kudi "matashi tsaro" for gaggawa da cewa shi ma da amfani ga jihar da kuma babban arzikin masu arziki, saboda ta kawar daga gare su bukatar kula da matalauta, marasa lafiya ko suka rasa aikinsu. Tare da farkon na XIX karni, tanadi bankuna ya fara bayyana a cikin da dama kasashen Turai da kuma a Amurka.

A farko tanadi bankuna a Rasha

Ban wuce wannan albarku da kuma Rasha Empire. A farko tanadi banki a kasar ya bayyana a cikin 1839 da Sarkin sarakuna da hukuncin. Waɗannan su tanadi da ancillary ofisoshin ga manoma - tun jihar ta fara shirye-shiryen da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom.

A 1841, kuma a umurnin sarki na farko na birni tanadi bankuna a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg suka buɗe. Na farko, da adadin da ƙaramar taimako ne 50 aninai, kuma matsakaicin - 300 rubles, kuma daga baya wadannan Figures aka ƙara. A farko daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin da aka halitta a Enterprises da kuma jama'a ayyuka, kuma ya fara bude ofisoshin a ofisoshin a 1880 na Jihar Bank, a post ofisoshin da kuma Railway tashoshin.

Bugu da kari ya bukaci adibas, a nan muka dauki adibas "matukar", watau a kan musamman, a karkashin wani yanayi, kazalika da bayar da gudunmawa ga Securities. Ma'aikata na bankuna, da haka, abubuwa a matsayin wani tsakiya tsakanin 'yan ƙasa da kuma jiha. Daga baya, akwai wani rai inshora da sabis na yawan jama'a. Har ila yau, tsabar kudi a karshen cikin XIX karni sun instrumental a aiwatar da gwamnati shaidu, kazalika domin lashe rance. A hankali ya zama multifunctional tsabar kudi da kuma matsayin aro na rance ma'aikata.

Savings bankuna na Soviet lokaci

Bayan juyin mulkin, a 1917, sabuwar gwamnatin ta sanar da farko jama'a adibas sacrosanct da sarki rance - soke. Kumbura hankali ya jagoranci wani a zahiri shine ragewar darajar kuɗi na adibas. Bayan da farko Duniya da kuma yakin basasa, an sanar da New Tattalin Policy, da kuma wani sabon kudi kayan aiki - Savings Bank of Tarayyar Soviet.

Wadannan cibiyoyin sun wajen kudi garambawul, su main aiki ya kare hakin ma'aikata a cikin tsawon kumbura. A kan lokaci, su ma sa da yawan jama'a na inshora aiki. A shekara ta 1925, gwamnati ta kafa jihar tanadi bankuna da Tarayyar Soviet. Su da aka bayar daban-daban iri adibas, bayan da suka kwashe daga gwamnatin rance da kuma sayar da lashe shaidu.

By 1933, kasar da fiye da dubu 50 tanadi bankuna. A lokacin yakin duniya na II, gwamnatin bayar da umarnin rike da adibas na yawan jama'ar, da kuma kudi ya zama da muhimmanci a tabbatar da ganin jihar ta kare damar. Bayan yaki kudin gyare-gyare da zamanintar da tanadi bankuna da aka za'ayi. Daga baya, jihar rayayye amfani da wadannan wurare don m wajen samo daga jama'a.

Kamar yadda tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 60-70 shekaru ya takamaiman: yawan yana da kudi, amma ciyar da ita sau da yawa ya ba ga cewa, gwamnatin karfafa mutane su zuba jari ta kudi a gwamnatin shaidu da kuma samuwar tanadi asusun. Yana nan fito a matsayin mai rare taken: "Ku kudi a wani tanadi banki!". Tare da canji na siyasa da tattalin arziki a cikin 90s aka ainihin daskarewa da kuma m soke adibas. A jihar har yanzu yana biya sayi 'yan kuɗi diyya ga wasu sassa na yawan jama'a. Har zuwa karshen wannan hanya ba bayyane.

Savings bankuna a yau

Yau, a kasashe da dama na ci gaba da zama wani kudi sabon abu a matsayin jihar tanadi banki. Wadannan cibiyoyin ana nufin a jawo matsakaici-sized adibas daga jama'a. Duk da haka, tsabar kudi - wannan shi ne wani sosai karamin sashi na zamani kudi tsarin na raya tattalin arziki. Alal misali, a Italiya, misali, shi aiki a duk 87 tanadi bankuna a Amurka da suka asusu domin kawai 'yan bisa dari na sauran kudi yawa na kasar. Irin wannan raguwa a wadannan cibiyoyin da aka sakamakon da duniya banki tsarin.

Savings bankuna da kuma su bayani dalla-dalla

A tsawon lokaci, a jihohi da dama, da tanadi bankuna da aka tuba zuwa tanadi bankuna. Abin da wannan yana nufin ga mai sauki mai amfani? Wadannan cibiyoyin samar da karin ayyuka. Ba za ka iya kawai gane daban-daban na adibas, amma kuma ya dauki bashi ga wani bukatun, warware zuba jari manufofin, hali ayyukan da kudin da kuma sauran m dukiya.

Banks ne mazauna da kuma tsabar kudi ayyukan, yayi inshora shirye-shirye. Yau, manufar "Savings Bank" an ƙara motsi kusa da manufar "kasuwanci banki". Bambanci, m, shi ne kawai cikin wadanda suka kafa - sau da yawa a tanadi bankuna daya daga cikin manyan wadanda suka kafa a jihar.

Sberbank na Rasha

A wani lokaci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, Cif Financial slogan, kamar yadda muka ambata, ya kasance da magana: "Ku kudi a wani tanadi banki." Wannan slogan ya shafi halin yanzu Sberbank na Rasha, da kuma ba tare da dalili. A shekarar 1988, jihar savings bankunan da aka restructured da kuma canza kama zuwa ajiyar banki Bank (Sberbank). Kuma har yanzu, mutane da karfi da hankali cewa shi ne a jihar banki, ko da yake ya ne shekaru 90 da haihuwa ya zama wani hadin gwiwa stock kamfanin tare da masu zaman kansu babban birnin kasar. Amma jihar rike ta gungumen azaba, a Sberbank kuma rayayye na goyon bayan shi, kafa sakawa a matsayin kasa ta babban banki.

Iri tanadi banki ayyukan

Da farko, da wani tsakiyar tanadi banki ya yarda da adibas daga jama'a sha'awa karkashin bukatar, sa'an nan akwai lokacin da adibas da kuma sayar da hannuwan jari. Yau, da tanadi bankuna kuma bayar da tsabar kudi shiri ayyuka, musayar kudin kasashen waje, ajiya sabis, kazalika da rance da kuma zuba jari. Bugu da kari, cikin Savings Bank yayi tarin ayyuka, aiki tare da Securities da sauran kadarori, ajiya da inshora, rai da kuma dukiya.

The ayyuka na wani tanadi banki

A mafi muhimmanci aiki, wanda ya yi aikin tanadi banki, shi ne ya tãyar da yawan jama'a. A wannan yanayi, da tanadi bankuna ci gaba da wannan hadisin - su ne babban kayan aiki ga Tattara karfi ajiyar banki da kuma kunsa su a real tattalin arzikin.

Wadannan kudi cibiyoyin ne wani muhimmin mahada a cikin tattalin arzikin, kamar yadda na samar da motsi na babban birnin kasar, kazalika ta da yawan jama'a don ƙirƙirar tanadi, wanda kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kudi tsarin da ke jihar.