Menene valence electrons?

Physics da kuma sunadarai malamai a makarantu ne da aka sani cewa shi ne sauƙin bayyana wani topic da resorting to kiyasi ko amfani da m misalai, bayanin "yatsunsu". Ko da yake bayanin ba zai iya ba da cikakken hadu da misali model, duk da haka, wannan dabarar ke samar da gwaggwabar riba sakamakon. Wannan shi ne yanayin da atomic kimiyyar lissafi.

Chemical kaddarorin abubuwa ne mun gwada da sauki bayyana, idan ka yi amfani da ka'idar atomic tsarin, samarwa a 1911 da Turanci likita E. Rutherford. Duk da cewa ya model daidai ne kawai a sashi, cewa isa ga fahimtar da matakai faruwa. Yau za mu yi magana game da abin da yake cikin valence electrons da kuma abin da yake da dangantaka da kaddarorin cikin kayan da ake karatu. Amma da farko, bari mu tuna da planetary model na atomic tsarin.

Rutherford m cewa zarra ba basa barbashi, kamar yadda a baya tunani, amma kunshi wani wuya core a cibiyar da kuma electrons juyawa a kusa da shi. A wutar lantarki na nuclei m (+) da kuma electrons bi da bi, korau (-). Shekara takwas bayan buga ka'idarsa na atomic tsarin, Rutherford ya iya ciyar da wani musamman, a lokacin, da kwarewa - maida nitrogen a cikin oxygen. A gwajin kunshi a "bamai" by alpha barbashi nitrogen kwayoyin halitta. Bayan karo kafa oxygen zarra kuma "karin" barbashi da ciwon tabbatacce cajin, baya kira proton.

Theory samu ƙãre form core hada da protons, ta amfani Magnetic sojojin rike electrons zuwa falakinsu. Tun da zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki, da kuma proton da electron an kõma, su jimla daidai. . A 1932, likita J. Chadwick gano cewa, a cikin nucleus din kuma da protons ne barbashi ba tare da wani cajin - neutrons. Shi ne su, sũ ne ke da alhakin taro. Dangane da electron makamashi, zai iya yiwuwa a located a daban-daban nisa daga tsakiya. Valence electrons - wadannan suna barnatar da cajin barbashi cewa:

• Suna located a iyakar nesa daga tsakiya, a kan m falakinsu.
• iya hulɗa tare da makwabta kwayoyin halitta.

A karkashin hulda wajibi ne a fahimci da damar barin su atomic madawwama biyu ko canza yanayin motsi.

Ƙaddara da valence electrons ne mai sauqi qwarai - a lokaci-lokaci tebur. Domin ainihin abubuwan (sai subgroups, tun akwai ware) yanayin gaskiya ne: matsakaicin yawan valence electrons yayi dace da kungiyar lambar a cikin abin da rabi aka bincikar. Atom ciwon manyan ka'idojin yawan irin gaɓũɓuwa, m aika su zuwa ga sauran kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka an oxidizer (daukan da samarwar). Conversely, domin a kananan yawan kungiyar readily valence electrons da aka bã kashi, ya shiga alkawari. A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da rage wakili ko zarra bayarwa.

Valence electrons ne kai tsaye dogara a kan jihar na zarra. Saboda haka, idan ya kasance a wasu hanya daga waje don samar da ƙarin makamashi (tuba a cikin wani m jihar), da valence falakinsu daga cikin barbashi za su more.

Data a kan valence kayan kyale su zuwa rayayye amfani a tsinkaya sakamakon. Alal misali, sinadaran kafofin lantarki yanzu a kan tushen da yin amfani da Wutan irin wannan abubuwa da suke iya ba da karɓar electrons. Baruwan abu zai zama mara amfani a cikin wannan harka. Abu ne mai sauki su yi tunanin cewa idan duk da matsanancin electron harsashi na zarra cika, sa'an nan wani kashi ne chemically tsaka tsaki da kuma ba ya amsa tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta (ko da hulda da karfi ne saboda haka negligible cewa shi za a iya saka manta). A karin misalin wannan - inert gas.