Tsarin da zarra

Atomic Structure sha'awar masana kimiyya tun kafin ta zama aka tabbatar da kimiyya. Ma dubban shekaru da suka wuce, Democritus, Greek Falsafa da Sage, shawara da cewa duk wani abu kunshi kankanin barbashi. Kuma wanda ya yi na farko amfani da kalmar "zarra". Bayan mutuwarsa, akwai wani rukuni na Greek falsafa, wanda mambobin yunkurin ci gaba da ra'ayinsa. Suka kira atomists. Duk wadannan ra'ayoyi suna dage farawa daga Roman Lucretius a cikin sanannen aiki "A cikin yanayin abubuwa." Duk da haka, a mafi yan sau, har farkon Renaissance, aka mamaye da ra'ayoyi na wani Greek Sage Aristotle, wanda tantama hana wanzuwar kwayoyin halitta.

A farko wanda ya yi wani yunkurin farfado da rukunan Democritus, Boyle wani Banasare wanda yayi muhawara da ka'idar "basa barbashi". Ya aka kara nanata ta Newton. Duk da haka, kimiyya hujja daga cikin rukunan Dalton, wani malamin lissafi. Dauke da fitar gwaje-gwajen da gas, shi ne lura da cewa rabo daga waɗanda barbashi hydrogen da oxygen, wanda ya halarci wani sinadaran dauki, ko da yaushe yayi dace da wani rabo. A karshen yawanci wakiltar da rabo daga kananan lambobi. Wannan ya sa da Turanci malamin lissafi domin su kirkiro wa dokar "mahara dangantaka", kuma daga baya - da kuma dokar "gudana dangantaka", dangane da wanda, a kowane sinadaran fili, da nauyi rabo na fara kayan ne ko da yaushe guda. Nazari ya ci gaba Bertselliusom da Avogadro.

Gaskiyar cewa tsarin da zarra ne wajen rikitarwa, an tabbatar da kimiyyar lissafi a karni da suka wuce. Gudunmawar da wannan babban samu aka yi ta: Thomson tabbatar da wanzuwar cathode haskoki, Skłodowska-Curie da mijinta Per Kyuri, ya bude da na halitta radioactivity na abubuwa Rezeford, wanda ya ce da kasancewar a cikin cibiyar na zarra gaskiya ma cajin tsakiya da kuma yiwuwar wucin gadi transmutation na daya kashi a cikin wani, Chadwick, don gane gaban tsaka tsaki abubuwa ko neutrons. A tsarin da zarra na farko tsanani fara nazarin Thompson, wanda ya gano electron a 1897. Ya ya iya tabbatar da wanzuwar wani ko mafi microscopic jikinsu. Saboda da aiki da tsarin da zarra ya yawa bayarda. Ya gano cewa barbashi aka wakilta wani mai siffar zobe rarraba m zargin, biya diyya gaba daya korau. Saboda wannan dalili zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki.

A jerin nazarin gudanar da wadannan da wasu masu bincike, an gano cewa zarra ne ba a kama jiki, da kuma aka hada da barbashi kamar neutrons, protons da electrons.

A proton tsakiya kwayoyin halitta a matsayin mai yawa da kuma electrons a cikin harsashi, ya cigaba da, yawan protons yayi dace da adadin da rabi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Talakawa na proton da neutron ne kusan m. Wadannan abubuwa suna riƙe a cikin nucleus din zarra ta musamman sojojin, wanda kuma ake kira makaman nukiliya. Wadannan sojojin ne mai iko sosai, amma aiki a kan ultrashort nisa, da mahara sojojin mafificin barbashi tunkuxe. Weight na electrons ne negligible. Kusan daukacin taro na zarra ne a tsakiya, da tsarin da tsakiya zarra ƙunshi neutrons da protons. A Properties na wannan bangare ne m da ta asali da aka gyara aka ambata a sama. Daga cikin kwayoyin halitta da ake samu abin da ake kira isotonic. Wadannan barbashi ne na wannan abu da daban-daban abu daga gaskiya cewa yawan neutrons iya bambanta. Yawan su protons, duk da haka, shi ne ko da yaushe guda. Alal misali, tsarin carbon atoms ana tabbatar da kasancewar a cikin nucleus din shida lallai cajin barbashi da kuma tsaka tsaki shida - kawai 12, Ina nufin wani da ake kira carbon taro yawan fi - 12. Duk da haka, akwai da isotopes na kashi a wadda adadin protons m zuwa stably 6 da kuma yawan neutrons iya bambanta.

zarra harsashi ne wajen rikitarwa tsarin. Ya kunshi daban-daban subshells tare da daban-daban makamashi matakan, wanda hakan ya kasu kashi sub-matakan da sub-matakan - a kan orbital. Recent bambanta a siffar da su size.