Mene ne tunawa kashi na radiation?

Wannan labarin da aka kishin jigo na tunawa radiation kashi (da-illolin), ionizing radiation da su iri. Ya ƙunshi bayani game da bambancin, da yanayi, source, Hanyar ƙidãyar, naúrar na ji na tunawa radiation kashi da kuma more.

A ra'ayi na tunawa kashi na radiation

radiation kashi - wani darajar, wanda aka yi amfani da irin wannan ilimin da kimiyyar lissafi da kuma radiobiology, domin kimanta wannan matsala na ionizing radiation a kan irin nama da masu rai, su tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, kazalika da abu. Abin da ake kira tunawa kashi na radiation, abin da yake da darajar, tsari da kuma tasirin da dama siffofin? Yafi shi da aka gabatar a cikin nau'i na hulda tsakanin matsakaici da kuma ionizing radiation, kuma aka kira wani ionization sakamako.

Tunawa kashi na radiation na da hanyoyin da raka'a, da ganewar da kuma iri-iri na matakai a karkashin radiation samar da wani bambanci a siffofin tunawa kashi.

Ionizing radiation fom

Ionizing radiation - wani rafi da daban-daban na firamare barbashi, photons ko da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa generated a sakamakon nukiliya fission da yuwuwar ya sa ionization na abu. Ultraviolet radiation, kazalika da bayyane nau'i na haske ga irin wannan radiation ba tambaya, kamar yadda ba su hada da infrared radiation jefarwa da irin da kuma rediyo makada, saboda su kananan adadin kuzari bai isa ya gina wani atomic da kwayoyin ionization a cikin babban jihar.

Ionizing nau'i na radiation, da yanayi da kuma kafofin

A tunawa kashi na ionizing radiation za a iya auna a daban-daban raka'a na SI, da kuma dogara a kan yanayin da radiation. A mafi muhimmanci iri radiation: gamma haskoki, beta barbashi kuma electrons, positrons, neutrons, ionic (ciki har da alpha barbashi), X-ray, electromagnetic taguwar ruwa tare da gajeren (high makamashi photons) da kuma muon.

Nature ionizing radiation kafofin iya zama sosai bambancin, misali, spontaneously faru radionuclide lalata hali thermonuclear dauki sarari na haskoki wucin gadi radionuclides irin makaman nukiliya reactors, totur na firamare barbashi, kuma ko da wani inji yi nufi ga X-ray.

Ta yaya ne daukan hotuna zuwa ionizing radiation

Dangane da inji ta wanda da sun samu wakili da kuma ionizing radiation, za a iya ware kai tsaye caje barbashi daga ƙarƙashinsu irin da radiation exerted kaikaice, a cikin wasu kalmomi, a photon ko wani proton katako, tsaka tsaki barbashi daga ƙarƙashinsu. samuwar na'urar damar zuwa zaɓi wani firamare da kuma sakandare a nau'i na ionizing radiation. Tunawa kashi na radiation aka ƙaddara daidai da irin radiation wanda abu ne hõre, misali, bugu karfin tasiri kashi haskoki daga sarari a kan Duniya ta surface, a waje murfin, shi ne 0,036 mSv / h. Ya kamata kuma a fahimci cewa irin da kashi ji-illolin da kudi ya dogara da Naira Miliyan Xari da dama dalilai, magana na cosmic haskoki, shi kuma ya dogara da latitud geomagnetic irin da matsayi madauki goma sha shekara hasken rana aiki.

Ionizing barbashi makamashi iyaka ne a cikin kewayon daga kamar wata Manuniya da ɗari maddî da ya zo Manuniya 10 ^15-20 electron volts. A hanya tsawon kuma shigar azzakari cikin farji ikon iya bambanta yadu, kuma Range daga dama micrometers zuwa dubban kilomita ko fiye.

Familiarization tare da daukan hotuna kashi

ionization sakamako ne dauke da wani asali halayyar siffofin hulda da yanayi haske. A cikin farko tsawon samuwar radiation dosimetry ne, yafi karatu da-kafa, da electromagnetic taguwar ruwa da karya a cikin ultraviolet index tsakanin da gamma radiation, saboda da cewa shi ne yadada a cikin iska. Saboda haka, a gwada yawa gwargwado ga radiation filin ne matakin na iska ionization. Wannan mataki yana da dalilin halittar daukan hotuna kashi ƙaddara da ionization na iska a karkashin al'ada yanayi matsa lamba, da iska kanta dole su zama a bushe.

Exposure radiation tunawa kashi hidima domin sanin damar ionizing radiation na X-haskoki da gamma-ray annuri makamashi nuna cewa ya jimre da hira zama sanadin motsi makamashi na cajin barbashi a cikin wani nauyi rabo na yanayi iska.

Unit na ji na tunawa radiation kashi daukan hotuna irin - shi ne mai wuya SI bangaren raba da kilo (C / kg). Irin kashe-tsarin naúrar - X-ray (R). Daya abin wuya / kg m zuwa 3876 X-ray.

adsorbed adadin

A tunawa kashi na-illolin a matsayin share definition, ya zama dole ga mutum dangane da dama yiwu siffofin daukan hotuna na wani radiation a cikin nama halittu masu rai da kuma ko da matattun sifofi. Fadada a san kewayon jinsunan da ionizing-illolin nuna cewa mataki na tasiri da kuma tasiri na iya zama sosai bambancin da yake ba batun da ya saba definition. Ba Yunƙurin zuwa sinadaran da jiki canje-canje a cikin nama da kuma abu hõre sakawa a iska mai guba, kawai zai iya wani takamaiman adadin tunawa da makamashi ionizing radiation irin. A aras yawan da ake bukata don fara wadannan canje-canje dogara a kan irin radiation. Tunawa kashi-illolin da can domin wannan dalilin. A gaskiya, wannan makamashi darajar wanda aka hõre sha naúra da kuma abu yayi dace da wani ionizing irin makamashi da cewa an tunawa da nauyin da batun ko abu cewa garwaya da radiation.

Awo tunawa kashi yin amfani da naúrar m (Gy) - ɓangare na SI tsarin. Daya m - ne adadin kashi cewa zai iya canja wurin daya joule na ionizing radiation 1 kilogram nauyi. Murna - kashe-tsarin naúrar na awo da darajar 1 Gy yayi dace da 100 Rad.

A tunawa kashi a ilmin halitta

Artificial sakawa a iska mai guba dabbobi da shuka kyallen takarda a fili ya nuna cewa daban-daban na radiation, yayin da a wannan tunawa kashi iya daban shafi jiki da kuma duk da nazarin halittu da kuma sunadarai matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikinta. Wannan ne ya sa ta wani bambanci adadin ions generated da wani haske, kuma m barbashi. Ga wanda kuma wannan hanya tare da proton ions nama zai iya haifar da fiye da wani electron. A denser barbashi tattara ta ionization, da karfi zai zama radiation mummunar sakamako a kan jikin, a karkashin wannan tunawa kashi. Wannan ke daidai da wannan sabon abu, bambanci a ikon da tasiri na daban-daban na radiation ga nama, an gabatar a cikin yin amfani da nadi m kashi. M tunawa radiation kashi - ne data na radiation samu ta jiki nuna alama lasafta ta halitta da tunawa kashi da kuma musamman coefficient, kira coefficient na zumunta nazarin halittu tasiri (RBE). Amma kamar yadda yake sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin ingancin factor.

Unit na tunawa radiation kashi m irin auna a SI, wato a sievert (Sv). Daya Sv ne daidai da daidai kashi na wani radiation cewa an tunawa da daya kilogram na nazarin halittu asalin da kuma nama haddasa sakamako daidai da 1 Gy radiation daukan hotuna na photon irin. Rem - yi amfani a matsayin extrasystematic aunawa da nazarin halittu nuna alama (m) na tunawa kashi. 1 Sv yayi dace da ɗari beram.

A tasiri kashi fom

A tasiri kashi - wani gwargwado na darajar, wanda aka yi amfani a matsayin ma'auni na hadarin dogon zangon effects na mutum daukan hotuna, da mutum sassa na jiki daga nama da kuma kawo karshen tare da hukumomi. Wannan daukan la'akari ya mutum radiosensitivity. A tunawa radiation kashi daidaita da samfurin na nazarin halittu kashi a wasu sassa na jiki a yin la'akari coefficient.

Daban-daban adam tsokoki da kuma gabobin da daban-daban radiation laulayi. Wasu gawarwakin iya a daya darajar m tunawa kashi nuna alama hõre m faru na ciwon daji fiye da wasu, misali, da dama na wata cuta daga cikin thyroid ne karami fiye a cikin huhu. Saboda mutane amfani kafa hadarin factor na radiation. CRE - shi ne wajen ƙayyade kashi-illolin da Target sashin jiki ko nama. Takaitacciyar exponent tasiri a kan kwayoyin wani tasiri kashi da aka lasafta ta halitta da yawan m da nazarin halittu kashi CRC takamaiman sashin jiki, kyallen takarda.

A ra'ayi na gama kashi

Akwai wani ra'ayi na sha na da kashi na kungiyar cewa shi ne Naira Miliyan Xari da mutum dabi'u na jam'i na tasiri allurai da wani rukuni na batutuwa ga wani lokaci. Lissafi za a iya sanya wani ƙauyuka, har zuwa dukan ƙasashe ko nahiyoyi. Domin wannan talakawan aka yawaita da tasiri kashi da jimlar yawan batutuwa da fallasa su radiation. Irin wannan index aka auna tunawa kashi amfani da mutum-sievert (Sv pers.).

Bugu da kari zuwa sama siffofin tunawa kashi, rabu sake, kommitmentnuyu, bakin kofa, tare, don hana, da iyaka, da nazarin halittu kashi neutron gamma irin radiation-mutuwa m.

A tasiri na kashi da naúrar

sakawa a iska mai guba tsanani nuna alama - da aka canza wani takamaiman kashi na radiation ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu daga cikin lokaci ma'auni naúrar. Wannan darajar ne muhimmi a bambanci kashi (m tunawa et al.) Raba da lokaci naúrar. Akwai da yawa al'ada tsara raka'a.

Tunawa kashi na radiation ne m da dabara da kuma ta dace musamman irin tunawa radiation adadin da radiation (nazarin halittu, tunawa, nuni, da dai sauransu). Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kirga su dogara ne a kan daban-daban ilmin lissafi ka'idoji, da kuma amfani da daban-daban ji raka'a. Misalai na ji raka'a su ne:

1. Na game fom - Gray-kilogram a SI tsarin da aka auna a Rad-grams.
2. Daidai da irin - sievert a SI tsarin da aka auna - a rems.
3. Exposure irin - wuya-kilogram a SI tsarin da aka auna - a X-haskoki.

Akwai sauran ji raka'a m zuwa wasu siffofin na tunawa radiation kashi.

binciken

Binciken wadannan articles, za mu iya cewa akwai mutane da yawa iri, da kuma duka ionizing-illolin da siffofin da tasiri a kan abu na rai ko maras rai yanayi. Dukan su ake auna, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a SI raka'a, da kuma kowane irin yayi dace a wasu tsarin da kuma wadanda ba tsarin aunawa naúrar. Source na su iya zama quite bambance bambancen, biyu na halitta da kuma wucin gadi, da kuma radiation kanta taka muhimmiyar nazarin halittu rawa.