Dynamic selection. Misali tuki form selection

A 1859, English masanin kimiyya Charles Darwin wallafa muhimman hakkokin aikin "The Origin of Species, ta hanyar Natural Selection". Wannan littafi da aka farko tsara ta zamani ka'idar juyin halitta. Its tuki da karfi - zabin yanayi, wanda, bi da bi, ne zuwa kashi da dama iri, ciki har da tsauri selection. Misalin wannan jarrabawa, da data a cikin "Origin of Species", ya nuna yadda da inji don ci gaban rayuwa a duniya.

TAKAITACCEN tsauri selection

tsauri selection manufa ne cewa mutane da suka karbi wasu bambance-bambance daga kowa dokoki soma da jinsunan, suna a cikin wani m matsayi da kuma ƙarshe lashe yaƙi rayuwa. Shi ne mai tsawo da kuma rikitarwa aiwatar. Intraspecific bambancin rinjayar duk Tsarin da gawarwakin a kowane jinsin. Yana shafi duka gwada yawa hali (gaban ko babu bambancin) da kuma ingancin (girma, countable).

Tarihi dabbobi masu shayarwa ci gaba ba masu bincike suna da yawa misalai na tuki nau'i na selection. A mafi maras tabbas daga cikin alamun - da yawan gashin da naúrar yankin, da taro na daban-daban gabobin, yawan ja jini Kwayoyin. A lokacin juyin halitta da ya karu size na mutum kwakwalwa. A babbar yawan bambancin a cikin halaye na abin da aka makala shi ne daban-daban tsoka tsarin da Bronchial itace na huhu, hanta form.

m jinsunan

A jam'i na tsaka-tsaki na musamman siffofin generated tsauri selection. Misalai na wannan kungiya jagoranci Darwin kansa. Wannan Birtaniya ja takaddamarsu, wanda ya faru daga Norwegian jinsunan, kwari na Madeira, da tsuntsaye na Galapagos Islands. Dukan su za a iya bayyana a matsayin "m nau'in." Menene su main siffofin? Wannan nau'i ne da yawa irin wannan a cikin bayyanar, amma shi ne don haka kama wasu sauran siffofin ko a hankali alaka su ta tsaka-tsaki matakai cewa masana kimiyyar ba su gane su kamar yadda raba jinsunan.

Wadannan halittu - wadannan ne links a juyin halitta. M jinsuna - shi ne a gaskiya kunno kai sababbi. Suna har yanzu ba a matsayin kyau rabu daga kakanninsu, amma sun riga ya fara aiwatar da rabuwa. Wannan misali ne na tsauri selection a dabbobi. Sun bayyana a sakamakon gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Kamar yadda bai isa a kula iya zama lokaci-lokaci canje-canje a cikin nau'i, idan sun kasance a cikin wani hanya da taimako, su, ba shakka, zai kasance da za a gaji da zurriyarsu.

Avian tsauri selection

A gwagwarmayar zama - shi ne da farko a gwagwarmayar da rage cin abinci. Idan view ba iya ƙarfafa matsayinsu a cikin kayayyakin abinci, da shi za dole zama dadaddun. Misalai na tuki nau'i na zabin yanayi graphically gano a ci dabbobi.

Ka yi la'akari da 'yan jinsunan tsuntsaye. Big tit for wata rana cin abinci mai yawa kwari, an m nauyin jikinsa, da kuma dogon-tailed tit kawo ta matasa feed daruruwan sau a rana, a daya rabo prihvatyvaya 5-6 caterpillars. Pied Flycatcher ciyarwa zuriya daga wani kilogram da tsutsotsi da kuma beetles a cikin makonni biyu. Wren iya ci ga wani shekara zuwa miliyan 10 kwari a kowace shekara. American kestrels lokacin daidai wannan lokacin shi wajibi ne don kama har zuwa 300 beraye da dama kananan tsuntsaye. Ciyar da kajin tsĩrar starlings iya cika uku birdhouse.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan lokuta - wani misali na tuki nau'i na zabin yanayi. Canje-canje a cikin ciki, hanjinsu kuma beaks tsuntsaye sannu a hankali canza. Wasu daga cikin su girma Hardy da kuma salon, wasu sun zama manyan yara, da kuma wasu da suka mutu, ya bar ba tare da abinci ko juya a cikin abinci ga unguwa.

rinjaye jinsunan

Iri-iri da aka generated a cikin taron cewa wata dabba ko shuka ne tartsatsi a ko'ina cikin duniya. Darwin ma kira wadannan iri rinjaye. Yana shi ne mafi sau da yawa allocates tsauri selection. Misali - zaune a sassa daban daban na Eurasia talakawa fox. Yana Forms da dama yanayin siffofin, kullum maye gurbin juna. Foxes cewa rayuwa a arewa, sun fi yawa Foxes cewa rayuwa a kudu, a sashi na matakan da Semi-Hamada. Da ta fi ƙanƙanta su rayu a tsakiyar nahiyar Asiya, musamman a Afghanistan.

A fadi da kewayon da fox duniya - sakamakon juyin halitta, wadda ya yi tsauri selection. An misali ne bayyananne: a arewa da dabbobi da bukatar zama tougher fiye da a kudu. Wannan an haɗa da yanayin damina da kuma tare da m makwabta. A lokacin hijirarsa, da fox zuwa kudu, kowane sabon ƙarni zama karami a sakamakon kananan halitta bambancin. New mutane sami saba da matakan da Hamada da kuma ci gaba zuwa nasara da wanda ba a sani yankuna.

Dynamic selection da kuma wadata abinci,

All misalai na zabin yanayi ya nuna cewa a kowane hali da yanayi rike nazarin halittu balance. Ko da sabon iri-iri daukan amfani da zama rinjaye, a cikin mulkin akwai ko da yaushe wani iyaka. Wannan manufa bayyana kanta a cikin taron cewa wani mutum yana kokarin shiga tsakani a cikin halitta tafiyar matakai.

A 1911, a kan Pribilof tsibirin kusa Alaska, aka kawo 25 dabbobi reindeer. Su ne da saba wa sabon wuri - a 1938, sai suka zama dubu biyu. Mutane tabbatar da yawa, saboda abin da aka eroded abinci da kuma yawan al'umar hankali mutu. A 1950, kawai 8 na barewa bar a tsibirin. Halaye na tsauri selection da misalai nuna cewa, idan da jinsunan ne a sosai yanayi mai kyau, shi ninka massively, shi halaka zama dole wa kansu abinci, da kuma ƙarshe ya kashe kansa.

A halin da ake ciki shi ne kama da Arizona Filato Keybab inda mutane suna kokarin mayar da yawan alfadari barewa da harbe duk coyotes da cougars da kuma dakatar farauta. Wuce kima yawa na yawan shi ne masomin na nau'i nau'i na yawan jama'a.

bazuwar maye gurbi

tsauri selection inji aiki erratically. Darwin ba zai iya fahimtar yadda dokokin canje-canje, kunno kai sabon ƙarni na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. The masana kimiyya na XX karni zo ga ƙarshe cewa akwai sabon fasali a shuke-shuke da dabbobi a sakamakon bazuwar maye gurbi. Suna iya bayyana discreetly kuma zare jiki bace, amma idan irin wannan canje-canje suna da amfani zuwa ga mutum, suna da ceto, kuma sun gaji da zurriyarsu.

Australia bude Turawa kawo wa nahiyar talakawa kudan zuma, wanda aka sauri shafe 'yan qasar ƙudan zuma yana kasa harba. Wannan harka shi ne wucin gadi. Ga hanyarSa ya mutum aiki. Amma shi ne wannan manufa ta shafi halitta tsauri selection.

intraspecific gwagwarmaya

A gwagwarmayar rayuwa shi ne ko da yaushe m, amma a gwagwarmayar rayuwa tsakanin mutane, ya kuma irin wannan nau'in resistant biyu. Ana rinjayar kama a halaye da kuma tsarin da jiki.

A Scotland, a cikin XIX karni, akwai wani adawa tsakanin biyu jinsunan gauraka suna kiyaye - karuwa a yawan missel kai ga bacewar song thrush. Wani misali na mataki na tuki nau'i na zabin yanayi ne da cewa a Rasha, da Asiya kyankyaso kyankyasai ko'ina ƙwace su fi girma dangi.

interspecies gwagwarmaya

Yana da muhimmanci cewa tsarin kowace kwayoyin zama mafi tasiri a kan sauran halittu masu rai kusa. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne gasa wanda kowace rana suna fafitikar da juna domin rayuwa. Saboda haka, parasites cewa rayuwa kusa da damisa, ya bayyana hankula majajjawa. Sun kasance sũ ne dace don bi da Jawo na dabbobin daji.

Misalan selection tuki a tsire-tsire kuma za a iya gani a cikin mahallin interspecies gwagwarmaya. Saba wa kowane Dandelion yana hoholkami- pappose. Sun gudanar da tsaba da kuma suna da nasaba, densely lugar yankunan, inda a can ne mai shuka. Irin wannan tsarin da ke sa shi ba kawai ya tsira amma kuma ninka a cikin manyan lambobi. Tsaba jawabinsa nisa iya yada ta hanyar iska da kuma fada a kan ya ba tukuna aka dauka da ƙasa.

fadada

A duban farko, da wadata da abinci a cikin tsaba yawa shuke-shuke yana da wani zumu da sauran shuke-shuke. Amma a gaskiya, suna da wani muhimmanci muhimmancin. Yana da yake a cikin seedling girma kudi, tilasta magance kewaye da ciyayi a waje. A farkon matakai na samun saurin bunkasuwar matasa harbe na Peas ko wake. A cikin shakka na da kansa juyin halitta na da tsaba fara sami manyan samar da abinci, wanda ya taimaka musu dauki mai nauyi alkuki a cikin kwayoyin duniya. Species fafatawa a gasa Peas da wake, bai sami wannan riba, suka rasa interspecies gwagwarmaya kuma ya bace daga fuskar duniya.

A bisa misali misalta wani muhimmanci mulki. Lokacin da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da dama a cikin wani sabon kasar da kuma yana daga cikin baki kafin gasar, da yanayin rayuwa bambanta ƙwarai, ko da sauyin yanayi ya kasance iri guda. Domin samun wata qafafunku a sabon ƙasa, irin su karkatar da su ci gaba da daga kakanninsu.

slowness selection

Dynamic selection aiki a kowace awa, kuma kowace rana. Ya kubutar da kuma ƙi amfani canje-canje, game da shi, inganta kwayoyin halitta, dangane da yanayin da ransa. A selection ne jinkirin da imperceptible ga mutum ido, amma shi ne inexorable. Evolution ba za a dauke for ƙarni da dama. Don yin wannan, masana kimiyya dole ne nazarin duka ma'aunan kasa dazamani da lokutan zaunanniya dubban ko miliyoyin shekaru.

A selection iya aiki ba saboda bayyanar cututtuka, zai ze quite kaɗan. Alal misali, kwari da cewa ci ganye, daban-daban kore da kuma cin haushi bishiyoyi ne halin da roɗi-roɗi launin toka. Idan launi canji, wadannan halittu zama a bayyane da kuma saurin da yara. Hakazalika, domin garken fari tumaki tare da 'yan raguna m gaban ko a kananan baki tabo.

Hulda da kuma karbuwa

Ãyõyin talikai an canza ba kawai sakamakon bazuwar maye gurbi, amma kuma bisa ga ka'idar hulda. Mene ne ta ainihi? A lokacin da ka canza wani sashi na jiki, shi za dole kai ga canje-canje a wasu sassa. Sau da yawa wadannan twists ne daban-daban juyin mafi m Properties.

Babban aiki na canji - na'urar. Su na iya faruwa a daban-daban matakai na rayuwa. Alal misali, jimina kajin kan babba baki da ciwon halayyar jaraba bumps, wanda kuma ake kira nestling hakora. A farkon kwanaki bayan Hatching daga cikin kwai, su narke, da bace. Su ne kawai manufa - don taimaka da chick karya da harsashi. Wannan ake kira da amfrayo na'urar. Yana da damar ka tuna da kara yawan adadin haihuwa da kuma ya fi dacewa ga gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Saboda irin wannan alama bai isa a kula fasali da kuma ayyuka tsauri selection.