Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen sinadari da atomic lambar 7 located 5 kungiyar na Mendeleev lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Wannan diatomic gas a karkashin al'ada yanayi na isasshe inert. A cikin yanayin duniya, shi lissafinsu uku bariki. A kashi halin da wadannan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi: -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Yana da wani ɓangare na da yawa mahadi. Daya ne m-kasa-kasa mai guba gas (halin da ikon hangula da numfashi fili, haddasa huhu edema a high yawa), da ciwon halayyar kaifi, pungent wari - shi ne nitrogen dioxide. Da dabara ne NO2. Matauni taro 46,01 g / mol. Yawa 2,62 g / dm³. Tafasar batu 21 ° C. Lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa reacts tare da shi. A Refractive index of 1.449 (at 20 ° C).

Nitrogen dioxide taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi sunadarai, ciki har da samuwar tropospheric lemar sararin samaniya. Lokaci guda, shi ne mai babbar iska pollutant kuma matsakaici a cikin masana'antu kira na nitric acid, wanda ake samar da miliyoyin ton a kowace shekara. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin da dama nitrogen oxides (binary inorganic mahadi na nitrogen da oxygen) tare da hadawan abu da iskar shaka:

• I - N2O nitrogen oxide.

• II - NO nitrogen monoxide;

• III - dinitrogen trioxide N2O3.

• IV - NO2 nitrogen dioxide da dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4.

• V - dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5.

• trinitramide N (NO2) 3.

Nitrogen dioxide da aka sauƙi liquefied. Shi ne mutum fiye da iska. Karkashin al'ada yanayi NO2 gauraye (kamar 1: 1) to colorless abu (ta dimer) N2O4. NO2 sunadarai ne da gane.

By dauki da ruwa da aka hydrolyzed, sakamakon biyu kafa acid (nitrous da nitric): 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3.

A halayen da Alkali salts suna kafa kamar yadda wadannan biyu acid: 2NaOH + 2NO2 → NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O.

Shi ne mai karfi oxidant iya oxidizing SO2 zuwa SO3. A wannan hanya shi ne tushen dukiyar nitrous sulfuric acid. A matsakaici NO2 da yawa abubuwa, ciki har da gudanar da mahadi, sulfur, carbon da phosphorus, ya ƙone.

Nitrogen dioxide da aka kullum samar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na nitrogen oxide yanayi oxygen: O2 + 2NO → 2NO2

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, NO2 shirya a matakai biyu: dehydration na nitric acid don dinitrogen pentoxide, to, wanda aka thermally bazu:

2HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O,

2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2.

A sakamakon thermal bazuwar daga wasu karfe nitrates iya zama shirye NO2:

2Pb (NO3) 2 → 4NO2 + 2PbO + O2.

A oxide za a iya kafa ta maida martani nitric acid (mayar da hankali) daga karafa (msl, jan):

4HNO3 + Cu → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nitric acid (mayar da hankali) tin Bugu da kari ga nitrogen dioxide, tin acid kafa a matsayin ta-samfurin:

4HNO3 + SN → H2O + H2SnO3 + 4NO2.

Wasu kafofin oxide N2O4 (IV) aka kira a matsayin nitrogen tetroxide. Amma wannan shi ne wani misnomer, a matsayin abu ne dinitrogen tetroxide. NO2 wanzu a ma'auni tare da colorless iskar gas N2O4: 2NO2↔N2O4.

Tun da wannan ma'auni ne exothermic, shi ne canja zuwa ga gefen NO2 a mafi girma da yanayin zafi da kuma a ƙananan - zuwa N2O4. Deamer wuce a cikin m jihar a zazzabi na debe 11.2 ° C. A zazzabi na 150 digiri decomposes: N2O4 → 2NO2, sa'an nan 2NO2 → 2NO + O2.

Nitric acid ne sannu a hankali ta saki NO2, wanda ya ba da halayyar rawaya launi daga cikin mafiya yawa daga cikin samfurori da wannan acid:

4HNO3 → 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2.

Nitrogen dioxide da aka saukin gano da wari ko da a low yawa, inhalation na tururi ya kamata a kauce masa. Daya m tushen NO2 aka fuming nitric acid wanda allocates NO2 a yanayin zafi sama 0 digiri. guba cututtuka (na huhu edema) yawanci bayyana bayan inhalation na yiwuwar mutuwa allurai da 'yan sa'o'i. Akwai wasu shaida cewa dogon lokacin da daukan hotuna zuwa NO2 a yawa sama 40-100 MG / m³ zai iya rage huhu aiki da kuma kara hadarin numfashi bayyanar cututtuka. A nazarin wasu masana kimiyya kafa wata mahada tsakanin taro na NO2 kuma kwatsam jariri mutuwa ciwo.

Nitrogen dioxide kafa a mafi konewa tafiyar matakai inda iska da ake amfani da matsayin oxidant.

A dagagge yanayin zafi, da nitrogen hadawa da oxygen ta samar da nitric oxide: O2 + N2 → 2NO, sa'an nan NO aka oxidized a iska ta samar da dioxide O2 + 2NO → 2NO2:

1. Karkashin al'ada yanayi taro ne mai matukar jinkirin aiwatar.

2. A mafi m tushen NO2 ne ciki konewa injuna, thermal ikon shuke-shuke da kuma, wani karami har, ɓangaren litattafan almara Mills.

3. Gas heaters da kuma Tanderu ne ma kafofin wannan oxide. Ake bukata nitrogen da aka gabatar ga wuce haddi da konewa iska, wanda aka tuba zuwa nitrogen oxides a high yanayin zafi.

4. A gidaje kananzir heaters da kuma iskar gas heaters ne ma kafofin na NO2.

5. nitrogen dioxide generated a na yanayi nukiliya gwaji (m launi naman kaza girgije).

6. Wasu m yankunan da ta surface yawa iya isa 30 g / m³.

7. NO2 ne ma ta halitta samar da tsawa, ruwan sama.