A. D. Saharov: A Biography, bincike da kuma bayar da shawarwari

Great Soviet masana kimiyya suna da aka sani a duniya. Daya daga cikinsu - Yanina Dmitrievich Saharov, likita da kuma jama'a adadi. Ya rubuta daya daga cikin na farko da ayyuka a kan aiwatar da thermonuclear dauki, don haka an yi imani da cewa sugar - "baba" na hydrogen bam a kasar mu. Saharov Anatoliy Dmitrievich ne wani Academician na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet, Farfesa, Doctor jiki da kuma Ilmin Lissafi Sciences. A shekarar 1975, ya karbi Nobel Peace Prize.

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Moscow ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1921 Mahaifinsa Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, da likita. A farko shekaru biyar na Andrei Dmitrievich karatu a gida. Wannan ya biyo ta 5 shekaru nazari a makaranta, inda Sakharov a karkashin shiryarwar mahaifinsa aka tsanani tsunduma a kimiyyar lissafi, da ya gudanar da yawa gwaje-gwajen.

Ilimi a jami'a, aiki a wani tarin harsasai factory

Andrei Dmitrievich a 1938, sai ya shiga Moscow Jami'ar Jihar Department of Physics. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tare da University of Sakharov tafi zuwa ga fitarwa na Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei ya zama interested in ka'idar dangantakar da jimla makanikai. A shekarar 1942 ya sauke karatu daga Moscow Jami'ar Jihar da ta yiwa. A jami'a dalibi Sakharov aka dauke mafi kyau a cikin dukan waɗanda suka taba karatu a wannan baiwa.

By ƙarshen Moscow Jami'ar Jihar Andrew D. Na ƙi zauna a digiri na biyu makaranta cewa ya aka rika da Farfesa A. A. Vlasov. A. D. Saharov, zama wani gwani a fagen metallurgy tsaro, aka aika zuwa wani soja ma'aikata na Kovrov (Vladimir yankin), sa'an nan a cikin Ulyanovsk. Very wuya su ne yanayin rayuwa da kuma aiki, amma shi ne a cikin wadannan shekaru, Andrei ya fara sabuwar dabara. Ya samarwa a na'urar da damar don sarrafa quenching na makamai sokin core.

Aure to Vihirevoy KA

An muhimmin taron ne a cikin sirri rai na Sakharov a 1943 - wani masanin kimiyya aure Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (shekaru na rayuwa - 1919-1969). Ta kasance asali daga Ulyanovsk, aiki a cikin wannan masana'anta a matsayin Sakharov. Ma'auratan sun uku yara - ɗa, da kuma 'ya'ya mata biyu. Saboda yaki, kuma daga baya saboda haihuwar yara Sakharov matar ba sauke karatu daga jami'a. Saboda wannan dalili, sa'an nan, bayan motsi Sakharov a Moscow, shi ne wuya mata su sami aiki mai kyau.

Postgraduate nazarin PhD taƙaitaccen labari

Sakharov koma Moscow bayan da yaki, a 1945, ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Ya shiga jam'iyyar a digiri na biyu makaranta zuwa E. I. Tammu, da sanannun msar tambayar likita, sanar a Cibiyar Physics. P. N. Lebedeva. A. D. Saharov so ya yi aiki a kan muhimman hakkokin matsaloli na kimiyya. A shekarar 1947, ya PhD rubutun da aka gabatar. Taken daga cikin ayyukan sun zama wadanda ba radiative nukiliya a mulki. A da shi da masanin kimiyyar samarwa wani sabon mulki cewa ya kamata a za'ayi da zabin da caji parity. Ya kuma gabatar da wata hanya ta asusu domin hulda da electron da positron nau'i-nau'i a haihuwa.

Aiki a kan "abu" na hydrogen bam gwajin

A shekara ta 1948, A. D. Saharov aka kunshe a cikin wucin gadi kungiyar, wanda aka jagorancin I. E. Tamm. Its manufarsa shine a duba aikin na hydrogen bam, yi da wani rukuni na Ya. B. Zeldovicha. Andrei zarar ya gabatar da daftarin bam, a cikin abin da yadudduka da na halitta uranium da kuma deuterium sanya a kusa da talakawa atomic nuclei. Lokacin da tsakiya fashe ionized uranium muhimmanci ƙara da yawa daga deuterium. Yana kuma qara da kudi a da Fusion dauki, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da sauri neutrons fara raba. Wannan ra'ayin ya taimaka V. L. Ginzburg, wanda samarwa da amfani Bomb lithium-6 deuteride. Daga shi karkashin sakamakon jinkirin neutrons, tritium aka kafa, wanda shi ne mai aiki thermonuclear man fetur.

A cikin bazara na 1950 da wadannan ra'ayoyin na Tamm ta kungiyar shi aka directed kusan a ƙarfinsa a kan "abu" - asiri nukiliya sha'anin cibiyar a birnin Sarov. A nan, da yawan masana kimiyya aiki a kan aikin, ya ƙara muhimmanci a sakamakon da ambaliya na matasa masu bincike. The kungiyar ta aikin sa a cikin na farko gwajin na wani hydrogen bam a Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka samu nasarar gudanar a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 1953 Wannan bam da aka sani da "Sakharov puff".

Riga gaba shekara, Janairu 4, 1954, Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov zama Hero of Socialist Labor, da kuma samu lambar yabo a gasar "guduma da lauje." A shekarar da ta shige, a 1953, wani masanin kimiyyar ya zama wani Academician na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet.

A sabon gwajin da nasa sakamakon

The kungiyar, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin A. D. Saharov, daga baya ya yi aiki a kan Fusion man fetur matsawa amfani radiation sakamakon daga fashewa da wani atomic cajin. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1955, shi da aka za'ayi wani cin nasara gwajin na wani sabon hydrogen bam. Duk da haka, an rufe ta da mutuwar wani soja da kuma wata yarinya, da kuma ji rauni mutane da yawa, wanda ya kasance a wani babba nesa daga shafin. Wannan, kazalika da taro kore mazauna daga kewaye yankunan jagoranci Sakharov to tunani da kyau game da ban tausayi sakamakon cewa zai iya haifar da makaman nukiliya fashe. Ya mamakin abin da zai faru idan wannan mummunan ikon ba zato ba tsammani ke fita daga ikon.

Sakharov ta ideas aza harsashin ginin na manyan-sikelin nazari

Lokaci guda tare da aikin a kan hydrogen bam Sakharov tare da Tamm a 1950 ya kawo shawara da ra'ayin da yadda za a aiwatar da wani Magnetic jini kurkuku. Masana kimiyya sun sanya wani muhimman hakkokin shiri na batun. Har ila yau yana rike da ra'ayin da lissafin ta samar da karfi Magnetic filayen, ta rage daga cikin Magnetic juyi gudanar da cylindrical harsashi. The masanin kimiyya karatu wadannan al'amurra a shekara ta 1952. A shekarar 1961, Andrei Sakharov samarwa da yin amfani da Laser matsawa domin ya sami wani sarrafawa thermonuclear dauki. Sakharov ta ideas aza harsashin ginin na manyan-sikelin safiyo gudanar a filin na Fusion makamashi.

Biyu Sakharov ta labarin game da cutarwa sakamakon radioactivity

A shekarar 1958 Sakharov gabatar biyu articles a kan cutarwa sakamakon radioactivity sakamakon hare-haren, da kuma tasirin da take da a kan gadar hali. A sakamakon haka, kamar yadda muka gani da masanin kimiyya, rage da talakawan tsawon rayuwa na al'ummar jihar. A cewar Saharova kiyasta gaba megaton kowane fashe ne 10 ga dubban lokuta na ciwon daji.

Andrei Dmitrievich a shekarar 1958 don ba wadãtar kokarin tasiri yanke shawarar mika Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da moratorium a kan makaman nukiliya fashe. A shekarar 1961, wani moratorium aka katse wani iko sosai a gwajin na hydrogen bam (50-megaton). Yana da wajen siyasa fiye da soja muhimmanci. Yanina Dmitrievich Saharov Maris 7, 1962 shi ne na uku ya samu lambar "guduma da lauje."

Outdoor ayyuka

A shekarar 1962, Sakharov zo a cikin m rikici da jama'a hukumomi da kuma takwarorinsu a kan ci gaban da makamai da kuma bukatar ban ta gwaje-gwaje. Wannan rikici ya mai kyau sakamakon - a 1963 a Moscow yarjejeniya banning da gwaji na makaman nukiliya a duk uku muhallin.

Ya kamata a lura cewa bukatun da Andrei Dmitrievich riga a waɗannan shekaru da aka ba iyakance kawai ga nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. The masanin kimiyyar ya jagoranci wani aiki rayuwar zamantakewa. A shekarar 1958, Sakharov yi magana fitar da Khrushchev ta tsare-tsaren, wanda aka tsara don rage lokaci na sakandare ilimi. A 'yan shekarun baya, tare da abokan aikinsu Andrei ya rabu da rinjayar T. D. Lysenko Soviet itatuwa aure.

Sakharov a shekarar 1964, ya yi magana a Academy of Sciences tare da wani jawabin da ya yi magana fita a kan zaben na Academician halitta NI Nuzhdina, wadda daga ƙarshe ta bai zama su. Andrei ya ji cewa halitta, kamar yadda T. D. Lysenko, alhakin nauyi, m page a cikin ci gaban da Rasha kimiyya.

Scientist a shekarar 1966, ya sanya hannu wata wasika zuwa 23 ga watan Congress na CPSU. Wannan wasika ( "25 celebrities") da suka shahara hamayya da gyaran Stalin. Ya lura cewa, "mafi girma bala'i" ga mutane zai zama wani ƙoƙari na raya rashin ha} uri na sãɓã ba - manufofin da Stalin ɓatar na dũkiya. A wannan shekara, Sakharov gana da R. A. Medvedevym, wanda ya rubuta wani littafi game da Stalin. Yana da muhimmanci rinjayi da ra'ayoyi na Andrei Dmitrievich. A watan Fabrairu 1967 masanin kimiyya aika ta farko da wasika zuwa Brezhnev, a cikin abin da kare da hudu dissenters. M martani na hukuma da aka tauye Sakharov daya daga cikin biyu posts wanda ya gudanar da "abu".

Mataki na ashirin da manifesto, dakatar daga aiki a kan "abu"

A waje kafofin watsa labarai da aka buga wata kasida da Andrei Dmitrievich, a cikin abin da ya nuna a kan ci gaban ilimi da 'yanci da kuma zaman lafiya a watan Yuni 1968. The masanin kimiyya yi magana game da illar da muhalli kai-da guba, da thermonuclear halaka, dehumanization na bil'adama. Sakharov ce cewa akwai bukatar for haduwa na jari hujja da kuma gurguzu tsarin. Ya kuma rubuta game da laifuffukan da aka aikata ta hanyar Stalin, cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet babu dimokuradiyya.

A cikin wannan labarin, masanin kimiyyar-manifesto kira ga abolition na siyasa gwaji da kuma yin katsalandan da sa adawa a tabin hankali asibitoci. Hukumomi 'martani aka bi da sauri ta Andrei Dmitrievich aka dakatar daga aiki a wani m makaman. Ya rasa dukan posts, ko ta wani hanya related to soja ta asĩri. Ganawa da A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym da aka gudanar Agusta 26, 1968 An yi wahayi da cewa suna da bambancin ra'ayi a kan zamantakewa canji, a cikin abin da kasar ta na bukatar.

The mutuwar matarsa, aikin Fian

Wannan ya biyo ta wani ban tausayi taron ya na sirri rayuwa Sakharov - a watan Maris 1969 da matarsa suka mutu, da barin mai ilimin kimiyya a Jihar yanke ƙauna, wanda aka daga baya maye gurbin sprawled shekaru da yawa ruhaniya fanko. I. E. Tamm, wanda a lokacin gangarawa cikin Irfanin Department of Fian, rubuta wata wasika zuwa Keldysh, shugaban kasar na Tarayyar Soviet. A sakamakon wannan da kuma m takunkumi kan Andrei Dmitrievich Yuni 30, 1969 aka shigar da sashen Cibiyar. A nan sai ya fara kimiyya aiki, zama wani babban jami'in bincike. Wannan matsayi kuwa shi ne mafi ƙasƙanci daga duk, abin da zai iya samun Soviet Academician.

ci gaba da bayar da shawarwari

Tsakanin 1967 da 1980, masana kimiyya ya rubuta fiye da 15 kimiyya takardunku. Sai ya fara shiryar da wani aiki da zamantakewa da rayuwa, kuma da ba su cika da manufofin na aikin hukuma da'irori. Andrei qaddamar Rokon domin a saki yan-adam kare zh. A. Medvedeva da P. Grigorenko daga tabin hankali asibitoci. Tare da R. A. Medvedevym kuma likita V. Turchin masanin kimiyyar da aka buga a "Takardar Amincewa dimokuradiyya da kuma ilimi da 'yanci."

Sakharov zo zuwa Kaluga, ya dauki bangare a cikin picketing na kotu inda shari'a na adawa da aka kwashe B. Weill kuma R. Pimenov. A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1970 Andrei tare da lissafin kimiyya Tverdokhlebov A. kuma B. Chalidze kafa Human Rights kwamitin, wanda aiki ya aiwatar da ka'idodin dage farawa saukar da hakkokin yan-adam. Tare da Academician Leontovichem M. A. a 1971, Sakharov yi magana fita a kan yin amfani da ilimin halin tababbu domin dalilin siyasa, kazalika da ga dama na sama na Crimean Tatars, don 'yanci na addini, ga Jamus da kuma Yahudawa ƙaura.

Aure to Bonner E. G., Sakharov ta yaƙi da

Aure to Bonner Elene Grigorevne (shekaru na rayuwa - 1923-2011) ya faru a shekara ta 1972. Scientist hadu da wannan mace a shekarar 1970 a Kaluga, a lokacin da ya tafi a kan shari'a. Zama abokin da m aboki na mijinta, Elena G. mayar da hankali ayyuka Sakharov kare hakkokin mutane. Daga yanzu a kan shirin takardun Sakharov dauke a matsayin batutuwa for muhawara. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1977, msar tambayar likita tukuna hannu hadin gwiwa wasika, jawabi ga Koli Soviet Presidium, wanda ya yi magana da bukatar warware kisa, wani afuwa.

A 1973, Sakharov ba wata hira zuwa Amurka Stenholmu, gaya Radio Sweden. A da shi, da ya yi magana game da yanayin da nan Soviet tsarin. Mataimakin mai gabatar da kara Janar Andrei Dmitrievich tsĩrar da wani gargadi ba, amma, duk da wannan, masana kimiyya da aka gudanar a taron manema labarai domin goma sha Yammacin 'yan jarida. Ya yi Allah wadai da barazanar da zalunci. Mayar da martani ga irin wannan ayyuka shi ne harafin na 40 malaman jami'o'i, da aka buga a cikin jaridar "Pravda". Yana shi ne farkon mai qeta yaƙi gāba da zamantakewa na Andrei Dmitrievich. A gefe ya kasance fafutukar kare hakkin, da kuma Yammacin malamai da 'yan siyasa. A. I. Solzhenitsyn shawarar masanin kimiyya kyautar Nobel Peace Prize.

A farko yajin cin abinci, da littafin Sakharov

A cikin watan Satumba 1973, yayin da ci gaba da yaki domin dama na kowa da kowa da su yi hijira, Sakharov aika wata wasika zuwa ga majalisar dokokin Amurka, wanda goyon Jackson. A shekara, Richard Nixon, da shugaban kasar Amurka, ya zo a Moscow. A lokacin ziyararsa Sakharov ciyar da farko yajin cin abinci. Ya kuma ba da talabijin hira domin jawo hankalin jama'a da hankali ga wuri, fursunonin siyasa.

E. G. Bonner a kan tushen da Faransa bayar da Lambar samu Sakharov, kafa Foundation for yara fursunonin siyasa. Andrei Dmitrievich a shekarar 1975 ya gana da Mr. Bell, sanannen Jamus marubuci. Tare da shi, ya yi wani roko da nufin kare fursunonin siyasa. Har ila yau, a shekarar 1975, wani masanin kimiyya a West bayar da wani littafi mai taken "The kasar da kuma duniya." Yana Sakharov ɓullo da ra'ayoyi tsarin dimokuradiyya, kwance damarar yaki, da haduwa da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin harkokin, dabarun ma'auni.

The Nobel Peace Prize (1975)

The Nobel Peace Prize aka bayar ga Academician cancanci a watan Oktoba 1975 samu lambar yabo na matarsa, wanda aka bi da kasashen waje. Ta sanar da shi Sakharov shirya su domin bikin. A da shi da masanin kimiyyar kira ga "real kwance damarar yaki" da "gaskiya détente", siyasa afuwa a duniya, kazalika da da tartsatsi saki dukkan fursunonin lamiri. Kashegari, Sakharov matar amsa tare da Nobel lacca "Aminci, ci gaba, Human Rights". Yana Academician jãyayya da cewa dukan uku daga wadannan manufofi suna a hankali da alaka da juna.

la'anta mahada

Duk da cewa Sakharov rayayye saɓa wa Soviet gwamnatin, da na aikin cajin da shi da aka ba a caje har 1980 An sa a gaba a matsayin masanin kimiyya Allah wadai da Soviet mamayewa na Afghanistan. Janairu 8, 1980 An kwace duk abin da ya samu a baya gwamnatin awards Sakharov. Mahada shi ya fara a kan Janairu 22 lokacin da ya aika zuwa Gorky (yanzu Nizhny Novgorod), inda ya kasance a karkashin gidan kama. Kasa da aka wakilta a cikin photo gida a Gorky, a cikin abin da Academician rayu.

Sakharov ta yajin cin abinci domin da hakkin ya E. G. Bonner su bar

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1984 Andrei Dmitrievich gudanar da wani yajin cin abinci domin dama matarsa a kan tafiya zuwa Amurka domin lura da tarurruka tare da dangi. Tana tare da wata azãba mai tilasta ciyar da asibiti, amma bai kawo sakamakon.

A watan Afrilu-Satumba 1985, na karshe yajin cin abinci Academician, runtumi haihuwa manufofin. Kawai a cikin Yuli 1985 E. G. Bonner aka yi izni ga barin. Wannan ya faru bayan da Sakharov aika da wasika zuwa Gorbachev tare da alkawarin dakatar da jama'a bugawa da kuma cikakken mayar da hankali a kan kimiyya aiki, idan tafiya za a halatta.

A bara na rayuwa

A watan Maris shekarar 1989, Sakharov zama jama'a mataimakin Koli Soviet na Tarayyar Soviet. Kimiyya tunanin mai yawa game da siyasa tsarin gyare-gyare a cikin tarayyar Soviet. A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1989, Sakharov gabatar da wani daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda aka dogara ne a kan kariya daga mutane da kuma mutanen 'yancin statehood.

Tarihin Andrei Sakharov ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, 1989, lokacin da ya mutu bayan wani ranar aiki a majalisa na wakilai na mutane. Kamar yadda autopsy ya nuna, zuciyar malaman makaranta ta ɓace. A Moscow, a cikin kabarin Vostryakovskoye, "mahaifin" bam din na hydrogen ya kasance, har ma da babban mayakan 'yancin ɗan adam.

A. Sakharov Foundation

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da adadi mai yawa yana zaune a zukatan mutane da yawa. A shekarar 1989, an kafa Andrei Sakharov Foundation a kasarmu, wanda shine manufar kiyaye tunanin Andrei Dmitrievich, inganta ra'ayinsa, da kare hakkin dan Adam. A shekarar 1990, Foundation ya bayyana a Amurka. Elena Bonner, matashin malamin kimiyya, na tsawon lokaci shine shugaban wadannan kungiyoyin biyu. Ta mutu ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2011, daga ciwon zuciya.

A hoto a sama - wani abin tunawa ga Sakharov, wanda aka kafa a St. Petersburg. Yankin da aka samo sunan shi ne bayan shi. Ba a manta da labaran lambar yabo na Nobel na Nobel, kamar yadda furen da aka kawo ga wuraren da suke da shi.