Hydrogen

Hydrogen ne yadu amfani a cikin daban-daban rassan masana'antu: a cikin kira na hydrogen chloride, ammonia (ammonia ne kara amfani da samar da nitrogen da takin mai magani), a yi na aniline, a dawo da wadanda ba ferrous karfe ores. A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da shi da ake amfani da nuna musanya ga kitsen dabba (margarine). A dangane da sama dacewa batun shi ne samar da hydrogen a wani m yanayi.

Wannan gas an dauki matsayin makamashi jigilar kayayyaki a nan gaba domin shi ne mai sabunta, ba emit "greenhouse gas" CO₂ a lokacin konewa, samar da wani babban adadin kuzari da naúrar nauyi a cikin konewa aiwatar da aka sauƙi tuba a cikin wutar lantarki na man fetur cell.

Karkashin awon yanayi hydrogen sau da yawa samu ta hanyar rage karafa da cewa an bar a cikin electrochemical ƙarfin lantarki jerin, daga ruwa kuma acid:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

A masana'antu, hydrogen samu faruwa yafi by halitta aiki da kuma hade gas.

1. The methane hira. A tsari kunshi a dauki na methane da ruwa tururi a 800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑. ΔH> 0. Tare da wannan tsari ta amfani da m hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrocarbons da oxygen a gaban ruwa tururi: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄. Wadannan hanyoyin ƙarshe rasa su muhimmancin a matsayin hydrocarbon reserves suna tsautsayi.

2. Biohydrogen za a iya samu daga algae a bioreactor. A cikin marigayi 1990s an gano cewa, idan sulfur rabu da algae, za su canja daga samar da oxygen, watau. E. Al'ada photosynthesis, to hydrogen samar. Biohydrogen kuma za a iya samar a bioreactors, ta amfani, fãce algae, da sharar birni. A tsari na faruwa da kwayoyin wanda sha hydrocarbon da kuma samar da hydrogen da CO2.

3. Deep sanyaya na coke tanda gas. A kan aiwatar da coking ci shirya uku kasarun adadi: m - coke, ruwa - kwal kwalta - da kuma iskar gas dauke, kuma hydrocarbons, kwayoyin hydrogen (game da 60%). Wannan sulusi da murabba'i ne hõre matsananci zurfin sanyaya bayan da aka bi da tare da wani musamman kayan, wanda ya sa ya yiwu, su raba hydrogen daga impurities.

4. Production na hydrogen daga ruwa ta amfani da electrolysis - a Hanyar da ya bada sarari hydrogen: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. The carbon hira. Da farko, ruwa gas da aka samu ta hanyar wucewa ruwa tururi ta cikin ja-zafi zuwa 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑. ΔH> 0, to, wanda aka haxa shi da tururi ne haye mai tsanani zuwa 400 - 500 ° C kara kuzari Fe₂O₃. The hulda na carbon monoxide (II) da tururi: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑. ΔH> 0.

6. Production na hydrogen da hira na carbon monoxide (CO), dangane da wani musamman dauki da shunayya photosynthetic kwayoyin cuta (unicellular kwayoyin asali ja ko ruwan hoda launi, wanda ake dangantawa da gaban photosynthetic pigments). Wadannan kwayoyin cuta nuna hydrogen da motsa dauki: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.

Da samuwar hydrogen ne ruwa, da dauki ba ya bukatar high yanayin zafi da kuma lighting. A tsari faruwa a dakin da zazzabi a cikin duhu.

Industrial muhimmancin zamanin yau ta samu da ci gaba na hydrogen daga gas samar a lokacin man fetur refining.

Duk da haka, da yawa ba su san cewa shi ne mai yiwuwa a samu hydrogen a gida. A saboda wannan dalili za mu iya amfani da wani dauki bayani Alkali kuma aluminum. Dauki rabin lita gilashi kwalban da wani marufi rami, da tururi tube, 10 g na jan karfe sulfate, 20 g gishiri, 10 g na alumina, 200 g na ruwa balan-balan.

Yi bayani na jan karfe sulfate: 100 g na ruwa da aka kara 10 g na jan karfe sulfate.

Cooking gishiri bayani: 100 g na ruwa da aka kara 20 g na gishiri.

The bayani ne gauraye. Add to da sakamakon cakuda aluminum. Da zarar a kwalban fari slurry hašawa zuwa da bututu da kuma balan-balan cika shi da samo asali hydrogen.

Kula! Wannan kwarewa kawai bukatar mu ciyar a waje. Ake bukata yawan zafin jiki kula, tun da dauki faruwa tare da ci gaba da zafi da kuma iya fita daga ikon.

Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa hydrogen, idan an gauraye da iska, Forms fashewar cakuda, wanda ake kira detonating gas (sassa biyu hydrogen da kuma wani sashi oxygen). Idan wannan cakuda su ƙone, shi zai fashe.