Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: biography, ayyukansu, tattalin arziki views

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - a Rasha-Ukrainian tattalin arziki, yawan ilimi aiki wanda zo a farkon na XX karni. Shi ma wani sananne siyasa da kuma dattaku. Tugan-Baranowski ne wani wakilin da ake kira shari'a Markisanci a Tsarist Rasha. Yozef Shumpeter dauke shi mafi shahararren Rasha tattalin arziki na lokaci. A lokacin rayuwarsa ya rubuta wani yawan ayyukan kishin ka'idar darajar, da rarraba zamantakewa samun kudin shiga, tarihi of management da kuma dogara ne a kan hadin gwiwa management.

Tugan-Baranowski: biography

Future Nobel Prize lashe aka haife kan Janairu 8, 1865 a tare. Gishiri, kusa da Kharkov. Yau, shi ne yankin ƙasar Ukraine, amma a lokacin da ƙasar take ta Rasha Empire. Tugan-Baranowski zo - uba layi - irin Lipka Tatars. Scientist tsohuwarsa kabilanci Ukrainian daga Poltava yankin. Tugan-Baranowski tafi makaranta a Kiev da Kharkov. Tun suna yara, m na falsafa, ya yi karatu cikin ayyukan Emmanuila Kanta. A 1884 ya shiga Jami'ar Kharkov, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Shekaru hudu daga baya, Tugan-Baranowski samu PhD. Amma da wannan lokaci na ya riga sha'awar a cikin harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki, don haka ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da karatun su. A 1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski samu wani mataki. A shekarar da ta shige, ya auri 'yar darektan da St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Ya aka tsunduma cikin al'umma ayyukan da ya gina wani cin nasara ilimi aiki. A farkon shekara ta 1919, Tugan-Baranowski aka aika zuwa wani taro a Paris a matsayin shugaban na Ukrainian tawagar. A lokacin tafiya, ya sha wahala biyu hare-hare na angina pectoris kuma ya mutu a kan wani jirgin kasa a kusa da Odessa da na uku.

A juyin juya halin Musulunci yanayi

Duk da yake karatu a Jami'ar Tugan-Baranowski fara rayayye shiga a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi a kan tsarist tsarin mulki a Rasha. Ya ya saba da Vladimir Lenin ta ɗan'uwansa, Aleksandr Ulyanov, wanda aka kashe a 1887 domin shan kashi a yunkurin da a kan rayuwar Alexander III. Friendship katse kama Tugan-Baranowski ga karshe kashi a cikin wani dalibi zanga-zanga a St. Petersburg, sadaukar da 25th ranar tunawa da mutuwar marubuci Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

A farko nasara labarin

A nasara ilimi aiki Tugan-Baranowski ya fara a 1890. Da farko labarin, mai jigo "The rukunan m mai amfani na tattalin arziki" da aka buga a watan Oktoba a mujallar "Legal Gazette". A wannan aikin ya rinjawarwa jãyayya da cewa aiki ka'idar darajar da zamani marginalist tattalin arziki ba a wani antagonistic adawa, amma gaba da juna.

"Rayuwa da fitattun mutane da"

Bayan na farko nasara a filin daga msar tambayar kimiyya Tugan-Baranowski yanke shawarar rubuta a takaice biography da bayyani na tattalin arziki ra'ayoyi na Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, da kuma John Stuart Mill, ga jerin littattafan, wanda aka wallafa wallafa gidan Pavlenkova. Ya juya kadan aiki, kawai 80 shafukan. Yana Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon soki da rashin ciki daidaito a karshe gwajin, ta stylistic rikice, rashin tunanin da munãfikai goyon bayan Napoleon ta tsarin mulki. Da ra'ayoyi kan Mill fadi zuwa Mikhail Ivanovich ga rai, domin ya nuna a daidai fahimtar ruhun kimiyyar zamani, dangane da binciken yanayi.

Shiri kwarewa kasashen waje

Kamar yadda Karl Marx da Friedrich Engels, Tugan-Baranovsky gan Ingila a matsayin misali ga kasashe masu tasowa, musamman Rasha. Saboda haka, bazara da kuma bazara na 1891, masana kimiyya gudanar a dakin tarihi na Birtaniya, nazarin tarin rare littattafai da kuma ilimin kididdiga aiki. Sa'an nan ya komo St. Petersburg. A shekaru biyu, sai ya ciyar a cikin binciken na kasuwanci hawan keke ka'idar. A wannan lokaci ne ya rubuta manyan-sikelin aiki "Industrial Crises a Modern Ingila: haddasawa da kuma tasiri a kan rayuwar mutane." Domin shi ne a 1894, babban digiri a siyasa da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Moscow. Bayan haka, sai ya koma zuwa St. Petersburg, ya iya samun jami'a ga post na mataimakin farfesa. Tugan-Baranowski yi aiki a can har 1899, lokacin da ya yi watsi da siyasa unreliability.

siyasa

A 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, tare da co-marubucin P. B. Struve shiga cikin Free tattalin arziki Association. A 1896 da ya zama shugaban ta kuma rubuta daya daga cikin mafi shahara a cikin articles "The muhimmancin da tattalin arziki factor a tarihi." Duk da cewa da tattalin arzikin na Tugan-Baranowski ya akidar Karl Marx a cikin yanayi, da masanin kimiyyar ya ba ta kasance a jam'iyyar karkashin kasa zamantakewa-Democratic Movement, wanda ya fito a matsayin mai lokaci a wannan lokaci a Rasha. A 1898 da ya ga hasken mafi girma da aikin, "Rasha factory a baya da kuma yanzu." Ga ta, sai ya samu doctorate a Moscow Jami'ar Jihar. Daga 1901 zuwa 1905 Tugan-Baranowski Kingibe a cikin harkokin rayuwar jama'a na Poltava yankin. Ya fara aiki a cikin gida zemstvo. Bayan haka, masanin kimiyya koma zuwa St. Petersburg. A nan sai ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da kuma wani malami a cikin tattalin arziki sassan na sa na Polytechnic da kasuwanci cibiyoyin, kazalika da masu zaman kansu jami'a Shanyavsky a Moscow.

Neokantianism da siyasa

A hankali, sha'awa cikin doka Markisanci a Tugan-Baranowski huce ba. Yana da sha'awa a cikin neo-da cewa ya bayyana a cikin da dama daga cikin ayyukansa na farkon XX karni, sadaukar da m motsi. A 1901 ya buga "Notes daga tarihi na siyasa da tattalin arziki" a cikin "kasa dũkiya" mujallar. Wannan aiki, kazalika da ta mabiyi, an fassara zuwa Jamus a 1915. A shekara ta 1919 akwai na farko da aikin na masanin kimiyya a cikin Ukrainian harshe da ake kira "Hadin gwiwa, da yanayi da kuma manufa." Tun shekarar 1906 ya yi aiki tare da Mihailom Grushevskim. Tare da shi ya rubuta da kundin "The Ukrainian mutane a baya da kuma nan gaba." Tugan-Baranowski ya memba na Ukrainian Social-tarayya da jam'iyyar da kuma yi murabus daga Gaba sakatariya na Nuwamba 20, 1917 nuna rashin amincewarsu ga shela na uku Universal na tsakiya Rada, wanda ya yi magana da bukatar samar da cin gashin kansu zuwa Ukraine.

tattalin arziki views

All ayyuka da Tugan-Baranowski za a iya raba da dama kungiyoyin bisa ga batutuwa da suke da lãbãri:

1. A kan kayan yau da kullum na gurguzanci.
2. Bisa ga rarraba ra'ayi.
3. Bisa ga ka'idar m mai amfani.
4. A kan tushen da hadin gwiwa.
5. Bisa ga ka'idar da masana'antu hawan keke.

A kan sansanonin na gurguzanci

Tugan-Baranowski sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga nazarin hadin gwiwa. Ya takaita da Rasha da kuma kasashen waje kwarewa. A cikin littafinsa "The Social Harsashen na hadin gwiwa", saki a 1916, da masanin kimiyyar shared manufar m motsi da kuma wani nau'i na tattalin arziki da sha'anin matsayin m. Ideal farko shi ne halittar gurguzu ƙungiya, sabon mutum, da kuma na biyu - da tattalin arziki amfani da ita da kyau a cikin jari hujja ganewa na noma. Duk da haka, babban manufar wannan nau'i na kamfanin da aka ba yin wata riba, kuma wani karuwa a aiki da samun kudin shiga na jama'a aiki a kan shi, kuma Munã rage su ga mabukaci bayar wa. Akwai siffofin daban-daban na hadin: manoma, tausayin-bourgeois da proletarian. A takamaiman irin na sha'anin dogara a kan aji manufofin, wanda halitta shi. Domin Tugan-Baranowski hadin gwiwa - shi ne mai gwagwarmaya da tsarin jari hujja, amma ba makamai da kuma barricades, amma ta hanyar lumana.

rarraba ra'ayi

A ka'idar Tugan-Baranowski hada da mai raba sashe a kan adalci sharing na zamantakewa samfurin. The masanin kimiyya ya nuna matsalar data kasance rarraba inji, inda Masters na halin da ake ciki ne ba aiki azuzuwan. Wage ma'aikacin samun ɓarna, karamin sashi na zamantakewa samfurin. Yana da har zuwa proletariat matsayin aji dogara a kan gina gurguzanci, saboda kawai ya iya yantar da tattalin arzikin daga arzikin masu arziki da kuma aristocrats. Recent sami unearned samun kudin shiga, sabili da haka, dole ne ku yãƙe su.

A ka'idar m mai amfani

Tugan-Baranovsky bai yarda da manufar aiki darajar Marx. The m mai amfani ga shi - wannan shi ne dalilin da darajar tattalin arziki kaya. Ya kamata ba za a kafa da kudin aiki, amma shi ne mai zama dole dace. A cewar Tugan-Baranowski, matsalar shi ne cewa ka'idar m mai amfani ne sau da yawa fahimci. Ricardo koyarwar mayar da hankali kan haƙiƙa dalilai dabi'u, da kuma Menger - kayadadden. Saboda haka, ba su da antagonistic a yanayi. A bambanci, da aiki ka'idar darajar Ricardo da Marx gaba da manufar m mai amfani, an bayyana a cikin Menger. Duk abin da yake a cikin cikakken jituwa. The masanin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa da m mai amfani da yardar kaina reproducible kaya ne ko da yaushe gwargwado ga wahalarsu darajar. Wannan matsayi ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin Theorem na Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin ba raba wannan ra'ayi Ukrainian tattalin arziki. Tugan-Baranovsky yi imani da cewa gurguzanci a wani unprepared yanayi - shi ne mai kai tsaye hanya zuwa bautar da janar talauci da yawan jama'a. Scientist kare da musamman rawar da tsakiyar aji a matsayin mahada tsakanin ma'aikatan da kuma kawo dukkan. Duk da haka, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tare da ilimi yana da babban matsaloli. A tsawon lokaci, ko da Lenin gane cewa ginin da gurguzanci - wannan shi ne nan gaba.

Ka'idar samar hawan keke

Tattalin arziki da ra'ayoyi na Tugan-Baranowski sun fadi da isa. A mafi zamani ne ya ka'idar zuba jari hawan keke. Tugan-Baranowski aka bincikewa masana'antu crises a Ingila. Su yi wa ya gani a disproportionate babban birnin kasar kasafi, wanda aka karfafa da iyaka banki albarkatu. A cikin aikinsa "Industrial Crises a Modern Ingila", ya kuma jaddada cewa, jari hujja tattalin arzikin kanta iya ƙirƙirar kasuwa, don haka ba shi da wani gazawar domin ta ci gaba da kuma ci gaba. Duk da haka, Tugan-Baranowski jãyayya da cewa free gasar iya hana fadada samar. A sabili da crises ya dauke ba kawai a karkashin-amfani, amma kuma matsalolin a cikin bashi da kudi wurare dabam dabam. A matsayin tushen da zuba jari sake zagayowar ka'idar kimiyyar dauki Marx ta ra'ayin cewa masana'antu hawa da sauka alaka da wajibcin lokaci-lokaci sabuntawa na gyarawa babban birnin kasar. Saboda haka, bisa ga Tugan-Baranowski, masana'antu lokaci na zagayowar ayyana zuba jari dokokin. Hawa da sauka faruwa saboda rashin parallelism a cikin fagage daban-daban na tattalin arzikin a lokacin da hawan, wani mismatch tsakanin zuba jari da kuma tanadi, disproportion a farashin ga mabukaci da kuma babban birnin kasar kaya. Tugan-nazari da kuma rawar da sha'awa rates a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Ya ce cewa ta karuwa ne wata ãyã cewa, kasar na da kuma kadan babban birnin kasar, da kuma karshen ne babban dalilin rikicin, bisa ga masanin kimiyya.

Tugan-Baranowski: ayyukansu

1. "The masana'antu rikicin da zamani a kasar Birtaniya, da haddasawa da kuma tasiri a kan rayuwar mutane" (1894).
2. "A Rasha Factory a baya da kuma yanzu" (1898).
3. "The rukunan m mai amfani" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, rayuwarsa da kuma aiki" (1891).
5. "Makala a kan Tarihi Siyasa Tattalin Arziki" (1901).
6. A yawan ayyuka a Jamus.
7. "Almara daga cikin 'yan tarihi na siyasa da tattalin arziki da kuma gurguzanci" (1903).
8. "Irfanin Harsashen na Markisanci" (1905).
9. "Gurguzanci mai kyau rukunan" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - an yi fice a harkokin tattalin arziki farkon XX karni. A wuri na musamman a ci gaba da tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya daukan ka'idarsa na masana'antu hawan keke, wanda ya zama riga da manufar hadin gwiwa zuba jari. The masanin kimiyya gan cikin hanyar da rikicin shi ne ba kawai a cikin overproduction, amma ajizanci na tsarin kudi da kuma bashi wurare dabam dabam. Ya ba kawai wani wakilin doka Markisanci, amma kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun masanan tattalin arziki na karshe karni. Ya na da aiki, wadanda suka duqufa ga ka'idar darajar, zamantakewa samun kudin shiga rarraba ra'ayi, da ci gaban da kayan yau da kullum na management. Legacy Mikhail Ivanovich ya ci gaba da ƙwarin zamani masana kimiyya da kuma karshe Tugan-Baranowski ba rasa su munasaba a yau.