Mustard gas: da tasiri a kan mutum, aikace-aikace misalai, sakamakon

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, da Jamusanci umurnin fara da farko lokacin da za a yi amfani da makamai masu guba don kai farmaki adawar. A sakamakon hare-haren da sinadaran, inda suka kashe fiye da mutane miliyan. "Sarki" da mai guba gas na yakin duniya na farko shi ne mustard. Wannan labarin ya amsa tambayoyi game da abin da wani mustard da kuma inda aka yi amfani da.

Tarihi na halitta

Mustard - kimiyya sunan 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Ka ce domin tabbatar wa farko hada gas ne ba zai yiwu ba. Around lokaci guda (1860), da dama da masana kimiyya sun iya ware da iska a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. A Jamus, ya sanya gano Albert Niemann, Ingila - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. Jamus Victor Mayer (1886) ya yi nasara a tasowa a Hanyar samar da m mustard. Har ila yau, wadannan masana gudanar na farko dakin gwaje-gwaje gwaje-gwaje, wanda muka sa a cikin takardun kwatanta mai guba effects na mustard gas a kan mutum.

Abokin aiki, wanda kuma ya dauki bangare a cikin nazarin, tare da B. Mayer, wani masanin kimiyya Rasha Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Abin baƙin ciki, a kan aiwatar da ND Zelinsky samu konewa da guba da wannan gas, shi ne ba zai yiwu ya ci gaba da gwajin. Bisa ga ayyukansu na Mayer, a 1916, biyu chemists, B. Lommel (Lommel) da kuma B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), ci gaba da aiwatar da masana'antu samar da m gas, wanda aka kira Lost (na farko da biyu haruffa daga cikin sunayen da masana kimiyya). Sunan a gas ne ba makale.

A 1917, a kan Yuli 12 a lokacin kai harin na Belgium garin Ypres, da Jamus amfani da mahakar cika da m guba abubuwa. Exposure zuwa mustard gas wani mutum m. Ya shiga har ta tufafi da takalma. A sakamakon da bombardment na mustard shafa game da 2,500 mutane, game da mutane 100 ne aka kashe. Bayan da m gas hari samu ta yanzu sunan - mustard. Na biyu sunan da guba, wanda shi ne ma a ji, "mustard gas". Wannan shi ne saboda wani takamaiman wari mustard gas, wanda shi ne reminiscent na ƙanshi na mustard ko horseradish.

Hanyar domin samar da masana'antu

Bayan da ayyukan tashin hankalin da a Ieper Jamus abokan adawar sun fara rayayye ci gaba da hanyoyin da masana'antu samar da guba gas. A Birtaniya, da Amirkawa da kuma Faransa domin samar da ether amfani kai tsaye kira samarwa Nimono da Guthrie. Mustard samu a sakamakon shiga guda biyu abubuwa, ethylene chloride da sulfur. Wannan tsari ne ba kamar yadda lokaci-cinyewa kuma m, a matsayin hanyar amfani da Jamusawa.

A Jamus, don samar da mustard gas amfani Hanyar B. Mayer, amma suna goyon bayan. "Mustard Gas" ƙãga ta haɗa thiodiglycol da phosphorus trichloride. Duk da cewa wannan tsari ya dauki tsawon domin kira, da Jamus amfani kawai da shi. Bayan karshe samfurin da aka samu a cikin 'yan sau mafi girma (95%) fiye da da wasu hanyoyin.

jiki Properties

Ainihin jiki Properties na 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• Ruwa, wadda ba a launi.
• Wari da karfi, kama da tafarnuwa, mustard.
• Tafasar batu - 217 ° C.
• Narkewa zazzabi - 14,5 ° C.
• Yana decompose abu a zazzabi na 150 ° C; cikakken bazuwar a 500 ° C.
• The abu yawa sama da yawa daga ruwa.
• A high yanayin zafi, mai guba gas iska juriya an rage, amma adadin ester a cikin iska kwayoyin qara saboda kyau volatility.

sinadaran Properties

Domin sinadaran Properties mustard gana sulfur, biyu sunadaran chlorine da ethylene:

• Talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Hadawa auku ne kawai tare da ƙwazo stirring. Alal misali, idan shi shiga cikin wani jiki na ruwa mustard ba zai narke a cikin ruwa, amma za su zama tare da wannan sinadaran abun da ke ciki, yayin da a zurfin. A wasu lokuta ruwa iya samar a farfajiya na bakin ciki fim.
• Shi ne mai narkewa a cikin kayan lambu da dabbobi fats, Organic kaushi.
• Inert zuwa nau'o'in karafa. wani akwati domin adanar taya iya bauta aluminum capsules.

Mustard: tasiri a kan mutum

Mustard tana nufin m abubuwa bororo. Mene ne ginshikai na mataki na dafin a kan jikin mutum?

• Saboda kyau solubility na mustard gas a cikin fats na kayan lambu da dabbobi asalin, ya iya da yardar kaina shiga cikin jikin mutum ta hanyar fata. A zafi weather, da karfi sha na guba gas taimaka gumi saki.
• A cikin mutane, mustard sauri raba. Wannan samar da wasu guba mahadi da cewa sa babban cutar da mutane.
• Lymphocytes ne farin jini Kwayoyin da farko ya wahala daga kufan mustard gas. A sakamakon haka, na rigakafi da tsarin zama m.
• Bugu da ari bisa ga mataki na mummunan tasiri ne gabobin na hematopoietic tsarin, da na hanji mucosa.
• Mustard gas zai iya canja tsarin DNA.

Mai guba effects na mustard gas a cikin jiki ne kamar haka:

• A lokacin da farko lamba tare da kananan allurai mustard mutum ba zai iya nan da nan tsayar da tasiri na gas a kan fata surface ko numfashi fili. A latent lokaci - 6-8 hours. Kawai wani karuwa a gas maida hankali a cikin yanayi gubar zuwa sneezing, ko ciwon makogwaro.
• Guba accumulates a cikin jiki, game da shi muni haƙuri da yanayin.
• Ga wani tasiri a kan surface na mucous nama da kuma fara cell mutuwa, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar na lalace rabo.
• Nama gyara bayan rauni ne sosai m.
• A yankunan da jiki lalace ta hanyar guba abu, akwai vesicants rauni. A sakamakon saukar da wata barã'aa reinfection sauran cututtuka na iya faruwa, wanda zai wahalad haƙuri dawo da ko haifar da mutuwa.
• Akwai maye gurbi.
• Yana qara jiki ta ji na ƙwarai to pathogens.

Mustard: da sakamakon shan kashi form m gas

Babban sakamako na mustard gas yana a kan idanunsa, numfashi tsarin da kuma fata. Idan wani sinadaran wakili ne fesa a cikin nau'i na gas, mustard gas daukan hotuna da mutane ne yawanci ta hanyar da gabobin da gannanku, sa'an nan numfashi gabobin da kuma fata kadan kasa. Liquid droplet nau'i na mustard gas da farko rinjayar da fata. Gurbin bi da gas hari mafi alhẽri daga ruwa siffofin guba abubuwa.

M siffofin Gabar lalacewar bayyana a cikin hali na gajere mutum tsaya a cikin sashi na wani mai guba abu da kananan maida hankali a gas (0.002 MG \ L) da kuma wani ruwa form (0.01 MG \ cm2). Matsakaici - tare da ƙara adadin kwayoyin guba abubuwa a cikin yanayi: Gas - 0015 MG \ L, da ruwa-drop - 0.1 MG \ cm2. Tã mustard gas mai guba, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, na faruwa a lokacin da taro na dũkiyõyinsu a cikin tururi jihar - 0,07 MG \ L. Hotuna effects na mustard gas a kan mutum za a iya gani a cikin labarin.

Uku siffofin numfashi raunuka:

• A m nau'i na rauni: kumburi daga cikin makogwaro da kuma hanci. Yana bayyana a cikin m secretions daga hanci, wahalar hadiya, ciwon makogwaro. Bayan 10-12 kwanaki, da cututtuka tafi.
• Average form: tari da surkin jini sallama, high jiki zafin jiki, da zafi a kirji yankin. Tare da kasa magani kaiwa zuwa ciwon huhu. Lokaci wajabta far inganta waraka a cikin wata daya da rabi.
• A tsanani nau'i na: guba da bayyanar cututtuka faruwa sa'o'i da dama bayan daukan hotuna zuwa mustard gas. Maye - tari da surkin jini sallama flue, high zazzabi, ciwon huhu tasowa a kan rana ta uku, wadda za ta iya ci gaba zuwa necrosis daga cikin huhu da kuma mutuwa. Farfadowa da na'ura na marasa lafiya bayan mai tsanani dalma ke da wuya.

Uku siffofin Gabar lalacewar:

• Eyes ne mafi m da sakamakon mustard (gas). Ko da a low yawa (0.005 MG \ L) a cikin rabin awa - ƙarfe uku ji harbin, kona, jin da yashi a cikin idanu, mucous ido ƙara karfi da gudu hawaye. A mako biyu da yanayin ne bisa al'ada.
• Lokacin da ocular bayyanar cututtuka na matsakaici mai tsanani, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, an Littafi, kara inflamed corneas bayyana ruɓaɓɓen jini. Irin wannan raunuka za a iya bi, dawo da ya auku bayan watanni uku.
• M siffofin halaka faruwa idan ruwa droplet mustard gas samun shiga idanunku. Ya sha wuya ƙwarai cornea, da ciwon kumburi auku farko, sa'an nan turbidity, bayan mutuwa na corneal nama, sau da yawa take kaiwa zuwa makanta.

Uku siffofin fata raunuka:

• M irin shan kashi: a shafin na fata lamba kuma mai guba abu akwai kumburi, akwai duhu spots, peeling. Bayan sati daya da rabi da cututtuka bace, kawai pigmentation iya zama na dogon lokaci.
• A matsakaici effects a kan fata bayyana kananan kumfa, wanda aka sa'an nan a hade a cikin daya fashe bude subcutaneous yadudduka. Wannan na iya faruwa sauran cututtuka cewa exacerbate cutar. Har ila yau, wannan tsari ne halin da m itching da kuma zafi. Alamun bace a cikin wata daya.
• A mafi tsanani nau'i - da na uku. An halin raunuka na zurfin tsokoki da cewa ci gaba a cikin hardhealed necrotic ulcers. Farfadowa da na'ura na faruwa bayan 4 watanni.

Mustard gas iya shiga da kuma a cikin gastro-na hanji fili da guba abinci ko ruwa. Mai guba canje-canje, an rubuta su a cikin baka rami, esophagus da ciki. A cikin hanji, yawanci ba kumburi taso ne daga gaskiya cewa guba shiga cikin jini daga ciki. Alamun: zazzabi, amai, zawo, matsalar aiki na samfur na zuciya, jimlar ãr na jiki. M siffofin guba take kaiwa zuwa mutuwa.

farko-taimaka

A farko wuri, don kauce wa mai guba sakamako na mustard gas a kan mutum, shi wajibi ne don kare fata da kuma miciwa, idanu musamman wajen - a gas mask da kuma m kwat da wando.

Bayan lamba tare da mustard gas saukad da zuwa neutralize fata shi iya zama da aikace-aikace na musamman kayan daga wani mutum anti-gas kunshin, idan ba, sa'an nan kuma amfani da barasa bayani na chlorine Bleach. Idan lalace ido wanka da ruwan famfo, ko raunana soda bayani. A shigar azzakari cikin farji na mustard gas a cikin narkewa kamar fili da aka katange da ciki lavage tare da mai rauni bayani na potassium permanganate.

aikace-aikace

Domin da farko lokacin da yin amfani da mustard gas ta Jamus ya faru a lokacin yaki tsakanin hudu Alliance da kuma Entente. A adabi, wannan makamai rikici ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin sinadaran yaƙi, saboda a wannan lokacin, ya gwada da kuma amfani da girma adadin mai guba na mutuwa abubuwa.

A Jamus soja amfani mustard gas zuwa dakatar da gaba na da abokin sojojin kusa da garin Ypres. A cikin dare na Yuli 13, 1917 Jamus farmaki da dakarun na Entente mustard gas. A sakamakon na farko da yin amfani da guba gas sun mummunan: shafa game da 2,500 sun kashe mutane a kan tabo game da 100. yawa mutu bayan wani soja aiki, saboda m gas sakamako ba ya faruwa nan da nan. Bayan wannan hari da Jamus da Birtaniya, da Amirkawa, Faransa ya yanke shawarar ya dauko wani mustard ma.

Dubban matattu, mutilated makoma, jiki, da fuska da sojoji da farar hula, gurbatawa na ƙasar da kuma ruwa - da sakamakon yin amfani da makamai masu guba a lokacin yaki. The m duniya ba zai iya hana komawa da irin azabar a nan gaba. A sakamakon haka, a shekarar 1925 shi hannu da Geneva layinhantsaki banning da yin amfani da makamai masu guba, da nazarin halittu makamai a wartime.

Duk da ban, kasashen da dama sun yi amfani da sinadaran jamiái zuwa laban abokin kokawarsa a cikin wani kusurwa da kuma ci nasara a yakin.

Mussolini ba su yi shakka yin amfani da mustard gas a cikin yaƙi da Italian Jihar Habasha (1935-1936). Babban manufar - to gama a karkashin tutar na Italiya, arewacin Afirka, saboda haka a cikin shakka sun m soja hanyoyin, ciki har da himataki. A sakamakon haka, Italiya ya annexed Ethiopia da kuma a hade tare da Eritrea da kuma Italian Somaliland a cikin sabon mallaka.

A 1943, akwai wani bala'i, wanda ya shafi ba kawai soja amma kuma fararen hula Bari tashar jiragen ruwa. A Jamus rundujar soja masu dawaki bamai American jiragen ruwa, daya daga wanda aka dauke bawo cushe da mustard. Duk da cewa da bama-bamai da aka hawa ba tare da fis din, da iska yajin ya isa ya kunna mai guba abinda ke ciki. Akwai sinadaran hari cewa kashe game da mutane 90.

A Japan sun zarce duk wani ɓangare na gwaji da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba a kasar Sin. A farkon thirties na karni na 20th suka saya daga Jamus kayan aiki domin samar da guba gas a kan wani m sikelin. A Japan sojojin gina dama chemical a kasar Sin ta larduna. Gwaje-gwaje na mai guba abubuwa suna da za'ayi a kan fursunonin yaki da kuma talakawa manoma! Sojoji na mafitar rãnã ĩmãni Sin consumable. A Japan sojojin "kare" da makamai masu guba a lokacin yaki a kasar Sin (1937-1945). Bayan ƙarshen tsakanin Sin da Japan yaki, da Japan, yin kawar da "shaida", binne ko nutsar a cikin ruwan babbar stockpiles da makamai masu guba. A cikin shekaru 90 na karni na 20th, akwai lokuta a lõkacin da wata gaggauta sake yin fa'ida himsnaryady lalace, da kuma mai guba sakamako na mustard gas samu talakawa da 'yan ƙasa. A 2010, latsa ruwaito cewa gina da shuka za a za'ayi a kasar Sin domin sharar binne ta Japan da makamai masu guba.

haramta na Chemical Makamai

Satumba 3, 1993 da aka samarwa a hannu da Yarjejeniyar a kan haramcin da makamai masu guba. A sakamako, ta shiga a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1997, bayan da shi hannu 65 jihohi. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, kasashen da su hallaka ƙasar duk da makamai masu guba stockpiles da kuma shirye-shirye don adana da ci gaba da kuma bullo da sabon iri na poisons. Don kwanan wata, 190 kasashe hannu da al'ada, membobin MDD. Game da 60% na dukkan hannun jari da makamai masu guba zubar.

yanzu hakikar

Yarjejeniyar da aka goyan bayan ƙasashe da dama, amma guba abubuwa ci gaba da za a yi amfani da su ne kawai a lokacin fadace-fadace amma kuma a cikin bombardment na farar hula garuruwa. Tun lokacin da spring na shekara ta 2017 da kafofin watsa labarai sun fashe rahotanni na yin amfani da mustard gas a Iraki sojoji. Himataki initiators su ne wakilan da Islamic State (dakatar a Rasha). Har ila yau, da yin amfani da makamai masu guba a Syria kama da biranen (2016-2017 gg.). Hare-hare guba abubuwa rinjayar ba kawai soja amma kuma fararen hula. Ko da yake gwamnatin kasar Syria ya sanar cewa sabuwar tsari na makamai masu guba dauka fitar a cikin watan Yuni 2014. Laboratory domin samar da mustard gas a Iraki, da soja samu Amirkawa. MDD Hukumar za'ayi bincike a cikin kowane hali da yin amfani da guba abubuwa.

Mustard - wani magani?

Bayan da bala'i a 1943 a cikin Italian tashar jiragen ruwa na Bari, da masu bincike yayi nazari da matattu jiki. A sakamakon da dubawa, sai aka gano cewa, da jini-forming gabobin da kuma Lymph nodes ba ya nan a leukocytes. Wannan bincike ya sa masana kimiyya cewa mustard gas za a iya amfani da magani da ciwon daji cututtuka. Masu bincike daga America Goodman, kuma Gilman a kan tushen da mustard gas sun ɓullo da wani abu da a kananan allurai gudanar da haƙuri da lymphoma. A farko, wani magani yanã raunanar da sakamako a kan ƙari samuwar. Yana rage a cikin size. Amma bayan wani lokaci da ciwon daji ta cigaban. A tara a jikin wani abu a kan tushen da mustard ba za a fara a taimaka wa jiki, amma guba da shi. The mutum ya mutu maye.

A low yawa, mustard gas da ake amfani ga zalunta fata cuta psoriasis. A kan tushen da kafa mustard man ƙanshi, inda aka dauke a cikin wani rabo na 1 zuwa 20 000 ko 40 000. Amma shekaru 20, magani ne da wuya koma ga irin wannan m Hanyar magani.

A lokacin da yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin shakka hanyoyi daban-daban, wani lokacin sosai m ga waɗanda a raga. Amma ba ko da yaushe, karshen kuɓutar da wajen. Saboda haka abin da ya faru da yin amfani da makamai masu guba. Gurbin na amfani da guba abubuwa buga (ciki har da sakamakon mustard gas a kan mutum). Har yanzu, mutãne An kokarin jimre da sakamakon na yin amfani da makamai masu guba. Don kwanan wata, babban aiki na m duniya ba su maimaita irin wannan kuskuren.