Jiki yawa - shi ke ... Ji na jiki yawa. jiki yawa tsarin

Physics a matsayin kimiyya da karatu mamaki yanayi, yin amfani da daidaitattun bincike hanyoyin. Babban saukarwa ne: kallo, shiriritar, hali gwaje-gwajen, karatu da ka'idar. A lokacin da kallo kafa rarrabe fasali na sabon abu, hanya na tafarkinsa, zai yiwu haddasawa da kuma sakamakon. Tunani mai iya bayyana cikin shakka daga events, kafa ta dokokin. A gwajin gaskatãwa (ko tabbatarwa) zato. Yana ba ka damar kafa da rabo daga cikin yawa a cikin shakka daga cikin gwaji, wadda take kaiwa ga kafa ainihin dependencies. Tabbatar da kwarewa a cikin shakka daga cikin jarrabawa ne tushen wata ka'idar kimiyya.

Babu ka'idar ba zai iya da'awar cewa ya zama abin dogara, idan ba su samu cikakken kuma mika wuyansu da tabbaci a lokacin gwaji. A karshe ake dangantawa da ma'aunai na jiki yawa characterizing tsari. Jiki yawa - shi ne tushen ji.

Menene wannan

Amma ga ji daga waɗanda dabi'u, wanda ya tabbatar da inganci na jarrabawa game da dokokin. Jiki yawa - a kimiyya bayanin jiki na zahiri, ingantaccen aboki wanda yake ga kowa da wani jam'i na kama jikinsu. Ga kowane jiki irin wannan gwada yawa halayyar zalla mutum.

Idan muka juya zuwa ga adabi, da reference M. Yudin et al. (1989 edition) muna karanta cewa jiki yawa ne "halayyar daya daga cikin kaddarorin da jiki abu (jiki da tsarin, sabon abu, ko da tsari), jimlar a quality for yawa jiki abubuwa, amma cikin sharuddan lambobi ga kowane mutum abu. "

Ozhegov (1990 edition) ya furta cewa, a zahiri yawa ne - "da size, ikon yinsa, tsawon da abu."

Alal misali, tsawon - jiki da yawa. Makanikai bi matsayin dogon nesa, ta amfani electrodynamics waya tsawon in thermodynamic analogous yawa kayyade kauri da jijiyoyin bugun gini katangu. Jigon da ra'ayi kasance iri guda: naúrar darajar iya zama iri ɗaya, da darajar - daban-daban.

A banbamta alama na wani jiki yawa, misali, daga cikin ilmin lissafi, shi ne samuwan da raka'a. Mita, da ƙafafu, da makarai - misalai tsawon raka'a.

raka'a ji

Don auna jiki yawa, shi ya kamata a kwatanta ta da darajar samu da naúrar. Ku tuna da ban mamaki da dariya, "Arba'in da takwas aku." Don saita tsayin da Boa, haruffa auna ta tsawon in aku, giwaye, da birai. A wannan yanayin, da Boa tsawon idan aka kwatanta da ci gaban da sauran zane mai ban dariya haruffa. A sakamakon dogara quantitatively da tunani.

Naúrar ta jiki yawa - da mudu na ta ji a wani takamaiman tsarin raka'a. Ruɗani a cikin waɗannan matakan taso ba kawai saboda ajizai, bambancin matakan, amma wani lokacin saboda zumunta raka'a.

Rasha awo na tsawon - yadudduka - da nisa tsakanin manuniya da kuma thumb. Duk da haka, hannun dukan mutane ne daban-daban, da kuma yadudduka, auna hannun mutum, shi ne daban-daban daga wani yadi a hannun wani yaro ko wata mace. A wannan hilafa tsakanin da tsawon da matakan da ya shafi fathoms (nĩsa a tsakãninsa da tukwici na yatsunsu spaced baya makamai) da gwiwar hannu (da nisa daga tsakiyar yatsa ga gwiwar hannu hannu).

Abin sha'awa, a cikin shagon lura dauki maza na kananan jiki. Wayo fatake ajiye nama amfani da dama karami Meryl: yadudduka, gwiwar hannu gane.

up tsarin

Irin wannan iri-iri da matakan zama ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin wasu kasashe. Gabatarwa raka'a ya sau da yawa sabani, wani lokacin wadannan raka'a aka gabatar kawai saboda saukaka su ma'aunai. Alal misali, domin aunawa yanayi matsa lamba gabatar mmHg. Known kwarewa Torricelli, cikinsa da bututu da ake amfani, game da shi swamping Mercury yarda ya shiga irin wannan sabon abu darajar.

Engine ikon idan aka kwatanta da horsepower (wanda aka aikata a zamaninmu).

Daban-daban jiki yawa ji na jiki yawa ba kawai hadaddun da unreliable, amma kuma dagula ci gaban kimiyya.

A uniform tsarin da matakan

Hadade tsarin na jiki yawa, dadi da kuma gyara a kowane arzikin masana'antu kasa, ya zama wani larura. Dalili na da ra'ayin da aka soma a matsayin zabi na da karami zai yiwu yawan raka'a ta wanda ya ilmin lissafi dangantaka za a iya bayyana, da kuma sauran dabi'u. Irin wannan asali dabi'u dole ba za a bonded zuwa juna, da darajar ne uniquely niyya da kuma gane a wani tsarin tattalin arziki.

Mu yi kokarin warware wannan matsala a cikin kasashe daban-daban. Halittar wani hadade tsarin matakan (awo, GHS, ISS, da dai sauransu), Mun sanya maimaita, amma wadannan tsarin ne m, ko daga wani kimiyya ra'ayi, ko dai a cikin gida, masana'antu aikace-aikace.

The aiki saita a cikin marigayi 19th karni, ya juya ga yanke shawara kawai a shekarar 1958. A wani taro na wani hadade tsarin da aka gabatar ga International kwamitin Legal Metrology.

A hadade tsarin da matakan

1960 alama tarihi gamuwa da General taron a kan ma'aunin nauyi da kuma Matakan. A musamman tsarin, da ake kira «Systeme Internationale d'Unites» (rage tsawon SI) da aka soma da yanke shawara na wannan m taron. A cikin Rasha version na tsarin da ake kira International System (SI raguwa).

An dauka a matsayin dalilin da 7 babbar wadanda kuma 2 ƙarin. Su na lamba darajar aka ƙaddara matsayin nasa tarihin

Table of jiki yawa na SI

Sunan asali naúrar	measurand	nadi
		internationalist	Rasha
main naúrar
kilogram	nauyi	kg	kg
mita	tsawon	m	m
biyu	lokaci	s	tare da
ampere	yanzu	A	A
Kelvin	da zazzabi	K	K
mole	adadin abu	mol	mole
Candela	luminous tsanani	cd	cd
ƙarin raka'a
radian	lebur kwana	Rad	yarda
steradian	m kwana	sr	gwama

A tsarin ba zai iya kunshi kawai daga cikin bakwai raka'a, kamar yadda wani iri-iri na jiki matakai a cikin yanayi na bukatar gabatarwar more kuma mafi sabon dabi'u. The sosai tsarin samar da ba kawai da gabatarwar sabon raka'a, amma kuma da dangantaka a cikin nau'i na ilmin lissafi dangantaka (su sukan kira dabarbari na girma).

Naúrar ta jiki yawa samu ta amfani da multiplication, exponentiation da kuma rarraba tushe raka'a a dabara girma. A rashin na lamba coefficients a wadannan lissafai sa da tsarin ba kawai dace a duk mutunta, amma kuma jiwuwa (jiwuwa).

samu raka'a

A raka'a suna kafa na bakwai main, aka kira Kalam. Bayan da babban kuma samu raka'a, da bukatar gabatarwar ƙarin (radian da steradian). Su girma suna dauke su sifili. A rashin kayan for su definition sa shi ba zai yiwu ba don auna su. Su gabatarwar ne saboda da aikace-aikace na msar tambayar bincike. Alal misali, jiki da yawa "karfi" a cikin tsarin da aka auna a Newtons. Tun da karfi - mudu na da juna mataki na jikin sama da juna, shi ne dalilin da sãɓãwar launukansa gudun wani jiki taro, sa'an nan za ka iya ayyana shi a matsayin samfurin da wani naúrar taro da naúrar kudi, raba da naúrar na lokaci:

F = k0M0v / T, inda k - proportionality factor, M - taro naúrar, v - gudun naúrar, T - lokaci naúrar.

SI girma yana ba da wadannan dabara: n = kg0m / ^2, inda uku raka'a ana amfani. Kuma kilogram da mita, da kuma na biyu ake magana a kai da babba. A proportionality coefficient ne daidai da 1.

Zai yiwu gabatarwar dimensionless dabi'u, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rabo na uniform yawa. Don wadanda hada da coefficient na gogayya, kamar yadda aka sani, shi ne rabo na frictional karfi da karfi al'ada matsa lamba.

TABLE jiki yawa samu daga asali

naúrar sunan	measurand	girma dabara
Joule	makamashi	kg0m 2 0s -2
Pascal	matsa lamba	kr0 m -1 -2 0C
Tesla	Magnetic shigar da	0A 0C kg -1 -2
volt	irin ƙarfin lantarki	2 kg 0m 0s 0s -1 -3
ohm	lantarki juriya	2 kg 0m 0s 0s -3 -2
abin wuya	Electric cajin	A0 tare da
Watt	ikon	2 kg 0m 0s -3
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2
Joule da Kelvin	zafi damar	2 kg 0m 0s -1 -2 0K
Becquerel	The aiki na rediyoaktif abu	-1 C
Weber	Magnetic juyi	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -1 -2
Henry	inductance	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -2 -2
hertz	mita	-1
Gray	tunawa kashi	2 m 0s -1
Sievert	M radiation kashi	2 m 0s -2
alatu	haske	m -2 -2 0kd 0sr
lumen	luminous juyi	cd 0sr
Newton	Ƙarfi, nauyi	0kg m 0s -2
Siemens	lantarki watsin	0kg -1 m -2 0s 3 0A 2
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2

Common raka'a

Amfani da tarihi dabi'u na ba-SI ko bambanta kawai ta na lamba factor, shi ne batun da ji dabi'u. Wannan Common Raka'a. Alal misali, mmHg, X-ray, da sauransu.

The lamba coefficients amfani ga gabatarwar mahara da kuma submultiple yawa. Prefix dace takamaiman adadin. Misalai ne centi-, kilo-, deca, mega- da yawa wasu.

1 kilometer = 1000 mita,

1 cm = 0.01 m.

typology dabi'u

Bari mu yi kokarin saka wasu muhimman siffofin da cewa ba ka damar kafa da irin darajar.

1. Direction. Idan mataki na wani jiki yawa kai tsaye alaka da shugabanci, shi ne ake kira a vector, wasu - scalar.

2. A gaban da girma. A zama na jiki yawa daga cikin dabara sa ya yiwu a kira su girma. Idan a da dabara, duk raka'a da digiri sifiri, sa'an nan aka kira su dimensionless. Zai fi ka kira su yawa da girma daidai 1. Bayan ra'ayi dimensionless yawa illogical. Babban dukiya - girma - ba a soke!

3. Ta ƙara damar. Ƙari yawa, wanda darajar za a iya kara, mu cire, ta tara da wani factor, da dai sauransu (msl, nauyi) - .. A zahiri yawa, wanda shi ne integrable.

4. A dangane da jiki tsarin. M - idan da darajar za a iya kafa daga dabi'u na subsystem. An misali shi ne yankin auna a murabba'in mita. M - darajar, wanda darajar ne mai zaman kanta da tsarin. Don wadanda sun hada da zazzabi.