Formula toluene: abin da yake toluene, da kuma yadda za a samu da shi?

Arena, wanda sun hada da toluene, za a iya gani a matsayin Kalam na kafa, da kuma na farko memba na homologue jerin - benzene. A general dabara na mahadi wanda kasance a wannan aji, - C _n H _2n-6. A kwayoyin na aromatic hydrocarbons dauke benzene zobe (zobe core). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ nuna abubuwa na ga wannan babban rukuni na Organic mahadi. Mutane da yawa na toluene da aka sani a karkashin wani sunan daban - methylbenzene. The abu ya zama tartsatsi a cikin masana'antu, shi ne amfani da Organic sauran ƙarfi, kuma tabo bãyani ga sauran dalilai.

Mene ne toluene?

Daya muhimmanci arenes - toluene - shi ne mai methyl wanda aka samu na benzene. The ruwa-insoluble colorless ruwa mallaki dadi wari reminiscent na paints, lacquers, kaushi.

Chemical dabara toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - iya rubuta daban: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. A wannan yanayin, da yawan kwayoyin zarra da ya rage guda amma bambanci markedly daga benzene, wanda yake shi ne m - methyl.

Amfani da wasu ka'idojin nomenclature, da fili da aka kira methylbenzene da fenilmetanom. Wannan shi ne guda toluene, general dabara ne C ₇ H _8. A cikin tsohon harka shi ya mayar da hankali ne a kan gaskiyar cewa daya hydrogen zarra daga waɗanda hade da carbon na benzene zobe da aka sauya ta mai methyl m. Domin na biyu sunan zaba a daban-daban m. An yi imani da cewa methane daya hydrogen da aka maye gurbinsu da wani phenyl m. Wannan barbashi, wanda yana tuba benzene, bada wani hydrogen zarra.

kwayoyin tsarin

A abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin halitta, kunsha kawai na carbon da hydrogen atoms, ya nuna toluene dabara. Sharosterzhnevye da kuma girma model ba wani tunani na tsarin da kwayoyin na fili, kamar yadda ta bayyana daga cikin abubuwa na wannan homologue jerin. Akwai kamance tsakanin toluene da benzene, wanda shi ne kasancewar wani zobe na 6 carbon atoms, a Jihar sp ² hybridization. Kowace daga cikin wadannan siffofi uku sigma shaidu da makwabta barbashi (biyu carbon kwayoyin zarra da daya hydrogen). Perpendicular zobe ya auku guda lantarki tsarin na sauran wadanda ba matasan p-orbitals (daya a shida carbon atoms). A sakamakon zama wani gagarumin karfin da kwanciyar hankali na gaba sake zagayowar, ya kuma inganta abu toluene. A tsarin dabara ya hada da mahadi bakwai carbon daga methyl kungiyar, wanda shi ne iya SP ³ hybridization. An hade da uku hydrogen atoms, ta huɗu kuma dangane ciyarwa a fili tare da daya carbon a benzene zobe.

Tsarin dabara methylbenzene

A electron yawa tsakanin carbon atoms cewa, samar da aromatic zobe, da aka rarraba a ko'ina. The sabon abu da aka nuna a Formula benzene, toluene, da kuma sauran saba arenes aromaticity (kewayen zobe). An lura da gaban methyl m a daya daga cikin carbon atoms a tsakiya. Sadarwa a tsakanin duk barbashi an nuna ta dashes. A tsarin dabara a wannan harka nuna abun da ke ciki da kuma na asali siffofin daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin da al'amarin.

Sauki toluene dabara - tare da wani zobe a cikin heksagon ko dashes, shi ne wani biyu bond. A methyl kungiyar iya zama a wani na shida atomic nuclei, su ne daidai da juna. A hasara na wannan hanya da hoton ne bayyananne. Record ba ya samar da bayanai a kan abun da ke ciki na al'amarin, kuma da daidaitawa da duk carbon-carbon shaidu a cikin zobe.

Samun methylbenzene a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da toluene aka farko samu a cikin shekaru 1835-1938 P. Pelletier, kuma A. Deville. A farko da masana kimiyya ya barasan na Pine danko, da kuma na biyu used tolu balsam cirewa daga Kudu American itace Toluifera a Colombia. Saboda haka akwai kowa sunan ga abu - toluene. A halin yanzu wani babba yawan methylbenzene ba barasan na man fetur da kuma ci kwalta, bi da tsarkakewa. A coking tsari, toluene an cire daga cikin coke tanda gas. A kira na styrene shi ne saki a matsayin byproduct na dauki na benzene kuma ethylene. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu samun toluene gudanar da hanyoyi daban-daban.

1. Dehydrocyclization na acyclic hydrocarbons. Toluene aka shirya daga heptane a gaban mai kara kuzari a zazzabi na 300 C °.
2. Alkylation na benzene, wanda aka kira Friedel-Crafts dauki. Za'ayi a gaban AlCl3 kara kuzari ko wasu catalysts na: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ CL = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCI.
3. Hulda da bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -BR + -BR + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Hadawa tutiya da cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Sarrafa toluenesulfonic acid.

The jiki Properties na methylbenzene

Toluene, tsarin dabara na wanda ya ƙunshi wani benzene tsakiya, farfado jiki Properties da suke da hali na aromatic mahadi.

1. M colorless ruwa tawada fitarda wari.
2. Methylbenzene taurare a low yanayin zafi da kuma yana farawa ya narke a -93 ° C.
3. Tafasar batu na toluene ne 110,63 ° C. abu yawa - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene solubility a ruwa a zazzabi na 20 ° C - 0,47 g / l. Matauni taro na abu M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

A sunadarai Properties na toluene: hadawan abu da iskar shaka

Properties na arenes aka ƙaddara chemically barga sake zagayowar na shida carbon atoms. Formula toluene - shi ne mai benzene zobe wanda aka unsaturated ƙa'ida kuma methyl m. Aromatic hydrocarbons da kaddarorin kama alkenes, wanda aka halin da Bugu da kari dauki. Duk da haka, da hydrogen atoms a cikin kwayoyin na benzene kuma ta homologues iya shiga a cikin canzawa halayen, wanda ya zo da fage da kuma alkanes. Toluene ne mafi amsawa fiye da benzene. Ga wani hali hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki wakili.

1. Burning, wanda yana tare da saki na carbon dioxide da samuwar ruwa: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. A dauki na toluene da potassium permanganate oxidizes da methyl kungiyoyin a gefen sarkar da kwayoyin zuwa carboxyl abu. Reaction of benzoic acid da aka samu.

Chemical halayen toluene aromatic tsakiya

1. Bromination, wanda aka gudanar a gaban catalysts. Halogenated abu ne kafa: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration ne da za'ayi tare da cakuda mayar da hankali nitric da sulfuric acid. A nitro kungiyar a toluene iya zauna da ortho da para matsayi. A dauki fitowa bisa ga tsarin ba da electrophilic canzawa. trinitrotoluene (TNT), da m aka kafa a high zazzabi.
3. Hydrogenation na hydrogen a kan mai kara kuzari take kaiwa zuwa shiri na dearomatization da methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination da ƙwazo dumama ko da UV radiation kammala form hexachlorocyclohexane.

aikace-aikace methylbenzene

Toluene ne yadu amfani a matsayin albarkatun kasa a cikin kwayoyin kira. Shi ne wani muhimmin abu a samar da yawa abubuwa. A amfani da toluene:

• da samun dyes.
• Manufacturing tabo kuranye, ƙuna.
• Yi na bama-bamai TNT.
• amfani kamar sauran ƙarfi adhesives, Paints, roba turare da kuma tsaftacewa jamiái.
• samar da Paints ga gine-gine.
• fitarwa ga kusoshi.
• magunguna.
• kara man fetur Octane.
• Organic kira benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl barasa da kuma sauran abubuwa.

A toluene ayyukan matsayin masana'antu da sauran ƙarfi a cikin bushe tsabtace masana'antu, da ake amfani a cikin tanning na boyewa. Yana da wani precursor zuwa yawan man fetur da kayayyakin, phenol, formaldehyde, da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma sauran mahadi.

toluene yawan guba

Methylbenzene abu ne mai wuta Hazard. Tururi-iska cakuda fashe a karkashin wani yanayi. Toluene ne flammable ruwa. A tsarin dabara ya ba da wani ra'ayi na abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin, amma ba ya dauke da bayani a kan sakamakon abubuwa a kan jikin mutum. An gano cewa, toluene ne mai guba, carcinogenic mataki. Ma'aurata methylbenzene saukin shiga ta hanyar fata, miciwa, sa canje-canje a cikin tsakiya m tsarin, hangula daga cikin sutura nama, dermatitis. Lokacin da inhaled vapors na toluene a cikin mutane bayyana lethargy, tremors, illa aiki na vestibular na'ura. Aiki da toluene, Paints, kaushi bukatar sa roba safar hannu, sosai bar iska ta shiga cikin dakin ko yin amfani da kaho. Methylbenzene rauni ne narcotic abu, shigar da abu abuse toluene. Sauran siffofin da mummunan tasiri da abu:

• ido hangula da kuma tashin hankali na launi hangen nesa.
• dogon lokaci daukan hotuna iya sa ji hasara.
• babban taro a jini sa hanta lalacewa, koda necrosis.
• Inhalation na manyan adadin tururi take kaiwa zuwa dizziness, drowsiness, ciwon kai.

ƙarshe

Toluene aka samar a cikin manyan yawa a petrochemical shuke-shuke ko samu matsayin da-samfurin coke shuke-shuke. A fili ne mai muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa na manyan-sikelin kwayoyin kira amfani a cikin Pharmaceutical masana'antu. Hade methylbenzene na nau'o'in kaushi, wanda ake amfani da aiki tare da Paints. Toluene nufin da rarrabuwa na mai guba mahadi don III aji na Hazard. Lokacin aiki tare da wani abu da taro na tururi a cikin iska kada wuce cewa niyya tsafta dokokin. Ba za mu iya ba da damar handling na toluene bayyanar bude wuta, tartsatsi, shi yana iya jawo fashewa. Akwai kuma muhalli al'amurran da suka shafi dangantaka da saki toluene cikin yanayi:

• da kona mai, daban-daban habaka.
• a aiki volcanoes.
• a cikin gandun daji gobara.
• ta amfani da kaushi da Paints.

The mai guba Properties na toluene, wuta kuma fashewa hadura bukatar rigakafi da magani ruwa abu da kuma ta tururi.