Nakasassu wasanni: jerin

Nakasassu wasanni hada da wani yawa na gargajiya tarbiyya, tsara su shiga a gare su, mutane da nakasa. Wadannan wasanni wakilci koli, da karshe hudu wasanni sake zagayowar cikin dukan 'yan wasa da kuma sauran mahalarta a cikin wannan motsi. Nakasassu wasanni hada da mafi babbar gasa ga mutane da nakasa, da kuma zabin da su daukan wuri a cikin shakka daga wani adadin yanki, asa da kuma duniya gasa.

Gasar Olympics da Paralympics

Yana da aka sanya hannu a shekarar 2000 wata yarjejeniya a kan hadin gwiwa tsakanin Olympic da na nakasassu kwamitocin, kasa da kasa, inda kwanciya saukar da babban ka'idodinta dangantakar. Tuni a cikin shekara ta 2002 aka yanke shawarar yin amfani da fasahar "daya aikace-aikace - daya birni." A wasu kalmomin, da aikace-aikace na kasar yada nan da nan da kuma nakasassu wasanni da gasa da kansu da aka gudanar a wannan wurare, tare da taimakon wani guda kwamitin shirya. A farkon gasar da aka yi a biyu mako jinkiri.

Da farko, kalmar "nakasassu" hadu a cikin shakka daga cikin wasannin a birnin Tokyo a shekarar 1964, amma na aikin tabbatar da wannan sunan ya samu ne kawai a shekarar 1988, lokacin da aka gudanar da Winter Wasanni a Austria, da kuma kafin cewa su yi amfani da za a kira "Stoke Mandeville" (sunan da aka an ba a daraja na wurin da suke gudanar karo na farko domin yaki Tsohon soji).

Provenance

Nakasassu wasanni sun fi mayar saboda wani neurosurgeon mai suna Ludwig Guttmann, wanda ya samo asali da ra'ayin. A 1939, Dr. hijira zuwa Ingila daga Jamus, inda a madadin gwamnatin Birtaniya ta buɗe ta nasu Center for kashin baya raunuka, dangane da Stoke Mandeville asibitin Aylesbury.

Kamar shekaru hudu bayan da aka gano, da ya yanke shawarar shirya na farko wasanni for mutanen da fama da raunin da ya faru na musculoskeletal tsarin, ya kira su "National Stoke Mandeville Wasanni ga Guragu." Shi ne ya kamata a lura cewa, ko da daga baya suka fara layi daya zuwa ga bikin bude gasar wasannin Olympics a shekarar 1948, wanda a lokacin da aka gudanar a London, da kuma gasa kansu suka tattara a manyan yawan ex-servicemen suka sami raunuka a lokacin yaki. Za mu iya cewa wannan shi ne lokacin da akwai na farko nakasassu wasanni. Winter, rani, da kuma sauran kungiyoyin sun bayyana ne kawai daga baya, a lokacin da suka fara saya da wani karin hukuma matsayi.

Sunan kanta farko an hade tare da parapledgia lokaci da cewa tana nufin inna daga cikin ƙananan wata gabar jiki, kamar yadda na farko yau da kullum da gasa da aka gudanar musamman a tsakanin mutanen da fama da cututtuka daban-daban na kashin baya. A farkon hallara a irin wannan wasanni da 'yan wasa da suka yi da sauran iri raunin, an yanke shawarar' yan sake tunani, wa'adi ne mai ci gaba mu bi da shi a matsayin "kusa waje gasar", da cewa shi ne ya sa hadewar da Helenanci bigire Para, ma'ana "a kusa," tare da kalmar Olympics. Wannan sabunta fassarar dole magana na dauke da fitar da daban-daban gasa tsakanin mutane da nakasa, tare da wasannin Olympics da kuma adalci.

Tuni a shekarar 1960 a Roma gudanar IX Annual International Stoke Mandeville Wasanni. A wannan yanayin, da irin nakasassu bazara wasanni da aka hada a gasar shirin:

• keken hannu kwando.
• guje guje.
• wasan zorro, a wheelchairs.
• archery.
• tebur wasan tennis.
• darts.
• wasan biliyard.
• yin iyo.

A wannan gasar halarci fiye da 400 da 'yan wasa nakasassu da suka zo daga 23 kasashen, da kuma a karon farko a tarihin sa hannu ya fara ba da damar ba kawai mutanen da suka suka ji rauni a cikin shakka daga dauke da fitar daban-daban ayyukan soji. A shekarar 1984 kwamitin IOC ya yanke shawarar ƙa'ida sanya wannan gasar matsayi na farko Wasanni da 'yan wasa a tawaya.

A shekarar 1976, da farko ya fara da gasa a cikin abin da nakasassu wasanni (hunturu) sõyayya. Wadannan gasa da aka gudanar a Ornskolddsvike, da kuma shirin da aka ayyana kawai biyu tarbiyya - downhill gudun kan da giciye-kasa gudun kan. A cikin irin wannan gasa mun yanke shawarar shiga 250 da 'yan wasa daga kasashe daban-daban 17, da kuma ya halarci mutane da nakasa, gani sosai, kazalika da amputees.

ƙungiyar

Tun shekarar 1992, 'yan wasa, to nakasassu wasanni wanda aka halicce su (rani da kuma hunturu), ya fara gasa da juna a cikin wannan birane a wadda aka gudanar da gasar wasannin Olympics. Tare da ci gaba da motsi da daban-daban da kungiyoyi da aka kafa da hankali ga 'yan wasa da daban-daban nakasa. Kamar haka, akwai nakasassu wasanni na gani sosai, kuma da yawa wasu. Har ila yau ya kafa a shekarar 1960 ta kasa da kasa Stoke Mandeville Wasanni kwamitin nan ya juya zuwa ga abin da ake kira International Federation of Stoke Mandeville Wasanni.

Da kwamitin ya yi aiki

Na farko, da babban taron majalisar, da aka gudanar na kasa da kasa wasanni kungiyoyin na nakasassu mutane, shi ne mafi muhimmanci, a cikin tarihin na yadda ɓullo da nakasassu wasanni. Rani da kuma hunturu Wasanni da aka fara karkashin kulawa na kasa da kasa na kwamitin, wanda shi ne mai ba riba duniya kungiyar fara zuwa kai wannan yunkuri a duk faɗin duniya. Ya bayyanar da aka shibtarsu ta taba-kara bukatar fadada daga kasa ofisoshin, kazalika da halittar da irin wannan yunkuri, wanda za a iya yafi daidaitacce a kan wasanni mutane tare da daban-daban nakasa.

Saboda haka, wa'yannan wasanni asali kafa kanmu da burin na gyaran fuska da kuma lura da mutanen da ke da nakasa, da kuma a kan lokaci da suka yi zama cikakken fledged high-matakin wasanni taron, kuma a sakamakon da ake bukata da kansa Hukumar Mulki. A saboda wannan dalili, a 1982 ICC bayyana - The harhada Council of wasanni kungiyoyi na mutane da daban-daban nakasa, da kuma IPC, da aka sani da International nakasassu kwamitin, wanda aka cikakken canjawa wuri zuwa ga ikon bunkasa majalisa, akwai kawai shekara bakwai daga baya.

daidai kuskure

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa da haruffan da Kalmar "nakasassu" shika-shikan a Rasha kuskure ƙamus, kazalika da yawa wasu fasaha wallafe-wallafe. A wannan yanayin, fiye da za a iya samu daban-daban kuskure - "gami". Sports (hunturu da kuma bazara) suna da wuya sai ya kira, saboda sunan ne karkatacciya a kamus an ba a kayyade ba, ko da yake ta aiki amfani a hukuma takardun yau jama'a hukumomi, wanda shi ne mai carbon copy na aikin hukuma suna daga cikin harshen Turanci, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin gami .

A daidai da Tarayya dokar tabbatar da hadade ra'ayi da dole ne a yi amfani da dokokin na Rasha Federation, kazalika da duk phrases da cewa an kafa tushen a kan su. Saboda haka nakasassu wasanni a kan makãho, kuma ba su gani sosai, kazalika ga sauran Categories 'yan wasa, da ake kira da cewa hanya.

A halin yanzu dokokin haruffan wadannan kalmomi ne da aka ba daidai da dokoki da aka kafa duniya wasanni kungiyoyi da kuma kin amincewa da farko lokaci ne shibtarsu da cewa yin amfani da kalmar "Olympic", kuma kowane daga Kalam a cikin kasuwanci ko wani kasuwanci dalilai ya kamata ko da yaushe kasance daidai da na IOC, wanda shi ne quite m.

duniya kwamitin

The International nakasassu kwamitin ne ba riba da ba na gwamnati ba shiri, wanda shi ne alhakin da shirye-shiryen, da kuma m rike daban-daban hunturu da ta bazara Games, World Championships, kuma da yawa wasu na kasa da kasa gasa ga mutane da nakasa.

The m jiki na IGC ne babban taron Majalisar, ya gana kowace shekara biyu da aka samu halartar kowane memba na kungiyar. Kamar yadda wani janar summary daga cikin daftarin aiki, bisa ga abin da tsari ne da za'ayi tambayoyi na nakasassu Movement, yanke shawarar amfani da code na IPC dokoki.

The kwamitin ba kawai shirya al'amurran da suka shafi data kasance tarbiyya - akwai kuma sabon nakasassu wasanni ana kara a kai a kai. Tun 2001, post na shugaban wannan kungiyar daukan Sir Philip Kraven (Banasare), wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na management na Birtaniya Olympic Association. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan mutumin ne zakaran duniya, kuma sau biyu ya zama biyu-lokaci Turai zakara a cikin kwando a wheelchairs, kuma su horo na dogon lokaci aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na kasa da kasa.

A karkashin shugabancin Philippe Kravena fara bita dabarun manufofin, kazalika da asali tsarin da kuma tsarin na shugabanci na IPC. Daga qarshe, da yin amfani da wannan m m ya yarda ya ci gaba da wani kunshin na bada shawarwari, kazalika da yin amfani da sabon hangen nesa da kuma manufa na dukan motsi, don haka da cewa a shekarar 2004 da kundin tsarin mulkin da aka soma da IGC aiki a yau.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Tarayyar Soviet tawagar kasar a karon farko ya juya ta da hankali ga nakasassu wasanni "wasan carafke" da sauransu kawai a shekarar 1984, ya isa a Austria domin wadannan gasa. Ya halarta a karon tawagar fara da biyu lambobin tagulla lashe ta Olgoy Grigorevoy, wanda aka gani sosai. A lokacin rani gasa Soviet da 'yan wasa na iya sa ya halarta a karon kawai a cikin Wasanni a Seoul, wanda ya faru a 1988 - akwai sũ, sun kasance a kan hanya da kuma filin gasa da kuma ninkaya, kasancewa iya dauka tare da shi zuwa karshen 55 lambar yabo, wadda 21 sun zinariya.

symbolism

A karo na farko a karkashin alama na 2006 gasar da aka gudanar, to wanda kowane hunturu nakasassu wasanni. Track da kuma filin, iyo da kuma sauran rani horo fara a da za'ayi a karkashin wannan logo riga sa'an nan, amma ta zauna canzawa zuwa wannan rana. Wannan logo hada da wani yammancin duniya na kore, ja da blue launuka, wanda aka located a kusa da cibiyar. Wannan alama ce da aka yi nufi ga daidai da babban rawa da IPC a kawo tare da 'yan wasa nakasassu ke ganin darajarsa da kuma yin ishãra mutane ga nasarorin da suka samu a ko'ina cikin duniya. A ranar, da launuka na alama suna da kyau wakilci a daban-daban na kasa flags na daban-daban na kasashen duniya, da kuma suka wakilci Body, Zuciya da kuma Ruhu.

Wasanni ma da nakasassu flag, wanda ya nuna da alama na IPC a kan wani farin baya, a lokaci guda ana iya amfani da kawai a kan m lokatai, ya yiwu aka izini da IGC.

Waƙar ne orchestral aikin waƙar yabon Allah de l'Avenir, kuma ya rubuta sanannun Faransa mawaki mai suna Terri Darni a shekarar 1996, kuma kusan nan da nan ya aka amince da IASC Board.

Nakasassu taken matsayin "Ruhu a Motion", kuma shi ne ma sosai a fili da kuma abubuwan da ake bayyana ainihin wahayi daga shugabanci - kunna wani 'yan wasa dake da nakasa murna da kuma wahayi zuwa gare su duniya da nasarorin da suka samu, ko da kuwa asalin mutum da jihar kiwon lafiya.

wasan iri

Paralympics (wasanni) ya kasu kashi da dama Categories.

• Summer. Sun hada da kashe-kakar da kuma bazara gami (Sports), da aka gudanar a kan jinkiri na shekaru hudu karkashin management na IOC. Wannan ya hada da, ban da aka jera a wasanni, kuma a gwada matasa wasanni kamar Goalball, sailing da sauransu.
• Hunturu. A farko shi hada kawai ski wasanni, amma a kan lokaci da aka kara Sledge Hockey da Keken hannu curling. A lokacin, da Winter Wasanni aka gudanar a duk 5 manyan tarbiyya.

wuta Relay

Kamar yadda aka sani, misali wuta kunna a Olympia, kuma kawai sai ya fara a gudun ba da sanda tseren, a cikin shakka daga abin da aka tsĩrar da kai tsaye a cikin birni-da babban birnin kasar da aka gudanar da wasannin. Olympic da na nakasassu wasanni a cikin wannan girmamawa ne daban-daban, da kuma a nan da hanya da aka fara ba daga Olympia - shirya kansu ƙayyade birni inda za a fara da gawa, da kuma hanyar da wuta a babban birnin kasar, ba shakka, shi ne ko da yaushe da ɗan guntu.

Alal misali, a 2014 gudun ba da sanda tsawon kwanaki 10, kuma a wannan lokacin da tocilan ɗauke da 1,700 mutane daga Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe, ciki har da 35% na mutanen da tare da nakasa. Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya su da cewa halarci a cikin gudun ba da sanda tseren kamar dubu huɗu masu sa kai, da kuma wuta da aka kwashe ta 46 birane a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Rasha. Bugu da kari, a karon farko a cikin shakka daga daya daga cikin matakai na gudun ba da sanda ta gudanar a Stoke Mandeville, cewa shi ne daidai inda na farko gudanar da nakasassu Games, ko da yake ba tukuna a kan wani m-akai. An fara a 2014, ta hanyar da birni wuta zai faru ci gaba.

irin biathlon

'Yan wasan da shan kashi a cikin nakasassu gasa a shekaru ashirin da daban-daban tarbiyya da kuma duk biyar hunturu - a sledge hockey, mai tsayi gudun kan, biathlon, keken hannu curling da giciye-kasa gudun kan. Akwai wani muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance a cikin na asali dokoki na irin abubuwan akwai kadan, amma akwai wasu ƙayyadaddu.

Kamar wancan nakasassu Biathlon samar da wani rage yawan nesa da manufa, da kuma shi ne kawai mita 10, yayin da daidaitattun biathlon samar da manufa wuri 50 mita daga sojan igwa. Har ila yau, 'yan wasa da na gani hanawa, kora daga musamman bindigogi sanye take optronicheskoy tsarin jawo a lokacin da sighting. Wannan tsarin ya shafi yin amfani da electro-maki, wanda aka fara emit babbar sauti a lokacin da wani dan wasa gani gabatowa da cibiyar da manufa, kyale shi ga mafi alhẽri kewaya don gudanar da cikakken Shots a kan manufa.

Har ila yau a cikin daban-daban wasanni amfani da dama sauran ancillary yanayi da kuma musamman fasahar da cewa rage wuya da aiwatar da wasu ayyuka da 'yan wasa nakasassu, don haka ba za a iya kwatanta ta da tuta da wasanni, ko a hanyoyi da dama suna kama da isa.

A gami ne mai yawa da bambance-bambance daga Olympics, amma ko ta wani hanya, bi wannan manufa - wahayi zuwa gare su zuwa hawansa sabon Heights. Domin duk mutanen da suka kalli wadannan gasanni, da guragu, ba ba up, shi ne shakka wani cancanci misali su bi.