Nikolai Kuzansky: falsafanci bidi'a ne da kuma tarihinsa. Babban ra'ayoyin falsafancin Nikolai Cusa a taƙaice

Daya daga cikin manyan Falsafa, masanin kimiyyar siyasa da Nikolay Kuzansky aka haife shi a kudancin Jamus, a kauyen Cuza a 1401. Kamar yadda wani matashi, Nicholas gudu daga gida bayan wanderings tattarã Count Theodoric von Manderscheid, wanda patronized shi cikin rayuwa. Mai yiwuwa mai kula da aika shi zuwa karatu a Holland. Akwai, a cikin makaranta " 'yan'uwa da na kowa rayuwa", ya yi karatu Greek kuma Latin, aka tsunduma a commenting da kuma kwashe shi da littattafai a kan falsafa da kuma tauhidin. Bayan samun digiri, ya koma zuwa Jamus da kuma ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Heidelberg.

Nikolay Kuzansky falsafa, biography da kuma zama

Isa a PADUA a 1417, Nikolay Kuzansky soma nazarin Canon dokar. Amma daya dokar talented matasa da aka bai isa ba, sai ya fara karatu magani da kuma lissafi, labarin kasa da kuma ilmin taurari, halitta tarihi da kuma kimiyya. A PADUA ya sadu da nan gaba abokai Paolo Toscanelli da Yulianom Tsezarini, suka shuka Nicholas craving for falsafa da kuma wallafe-wallafe.

Ya samu doctorate lakabi na Canon dokar, a 1423 Nikolay Kuzansky tafi Italiya, inda ya gana da Angela na Roma Podzho Brachcholini, suka yi sha'awar ta dirka wa tauhidin. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Jamus, ya soma nazarin tauhidin ayyuka a Cologne. A 1426, a matsayin firist, ya aka nada sakataren papal legate, Cardinal Orsini, kuma daga baya ya zama rector na coci a Koblenz.

A farkon rabin karni na 15th, da dalĩli na cocin Katolika an gurgunta da yawa feuds tsakanin Cathedral da Paparoma, da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji kuma limaman ya jagoranci wani tsaga a cikin coci duniya. Don mayar da rinjayar da Church bukatar gyara, da yawa Kadina da shawarar rage papal tasiri da kuma karfafa ikon da babban coci. A babban coci a 1433, kuma ya zo wa Nikolay Kuzansky, wanda ya yi magana domin rashi na shugaban Kirista m iko.

Gyare-gyaren Nikolaya Kuzanskogo a coci da kuma jihar

Matukar aiwatar ideas aikatã game da su biyu coci da kuma jihar baki daya. Kuzanskiy Nikolay, wanda falsafa ne bayyanannu a cikin ta farko da aikin "A amsa na Katolika," tambaye daftarin aiki, da ake kira kyauta na Constantine, wanda ya ce da canja wurin da na coci, ba kawai na ruhaniya amma kuma na boko ikon da Sarkin sarakuna Constantine. Nikolay Kuzansky kuma Ya sanar da ra'ayin samarwa a baya Ockham, a kan so da mutane, daidai da jihar da kuma coci. Kuma wani m - wani m nufin mutane. Ya kuma samarwa, su raba ikon coci da kuma jihar hukumomi.

Karkashin barazana mamayewa ta Turkish sojojin Helenawa da Rumawa tattaunawa a kan ƙungiya daga gabashi da yammaci majami'u, wanda zo da Nikolay Kuzansky. Akwai, ya gana da Vissarion da Plethon da aka sani a lokacin da Neoplatonists, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da nan gaba Outlook na Falsafa.

Ideas game da sake fasalin cewa suna samarwa Nikolay Kuzansky, da falsafa, da asali ra'ayoyin su a takaice ya bayyana, ba shakka, yana da wuya - shi aka yi wahayi zuwa da tasiri na zamanin, ta saba wa juna, gwagwarmayar da daban-daban nufi. Kawai kunno mulkin gargajiya hali zuwa rayuwa, shi ne har yanzu quite dogara a kan na da ra'ayoyi da kuma salon rayuwa. Yunƙurin na addini, ya wuce kima austerity, Rokon to mortify jiki, shi ne na sosai ba a hade tare da cheerfulness zamanin. M sha'awa cikin sanin dokokin yanayi, kima na isa yabo na lissafi da kuma sauran daidai sciences, rinjayar tsufa da kuma mythology - wannan shi ne falsafar da Renaissance. Nikolay Kuzansky aka rayayye da hannu a cikin coci da kuma rayuwar siyasa, amma a lokaci guda ya sadaukar da yawa lokaci zuwa karatu a cikin kimiyya.

A falsafa na Renaissance, pantheism. Nikolay Kuzansky, Bruno

Saba da Ambrogio Traversari, Lorenzo Valla, Silvio Piccolomini (nan gaba Paparoma Pius II) da aka sani tausaya wajama'a na cewa lokaci ya shafa da ji na duniya Nikolaya Kuzanskogo. Magana game da tsoho falsafa rubuce-rubucen, ya karanta a cikin na asali Proclus da Plato.

Zurfin aiki ilmin taurari, cosmography, lissafi, muradun nasaba da shi zuwa tausaya wajama'a, kamar abokinsa Toskanelli. Falsafa rashin iyaka Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, daidai da lokaci. Kimiyya ka'idojin bukatar din nazarin lissafi, kirgawa, aunawa, yin la'akari. Ya rubutun "A cikin gwaninta na yin la'akari" mataki na farko zuwa wani sabon zamanin kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba. A cikin aikin Nikolay Kuzansky rinjayar gwaji kimiyyar lissafi, kuzarin kawo cikas, statics, ya kulawa don ƙulla tare ka'idar da yi. Ya farko halitta Gwargwadon taswirar Turai, kazalika da samarwa gyara daga cikin Julian kalanda, wanda har yanzu gyara daga baya, amma bayan rabin karni.

A falsafa Nikolaya Kuzanskogo da Giordano Bruno a wani abu irin wannan. Ideas a kan cosmology, sun yawa sabo-sabo ideas na samman da kuma shirya hanya domin irin koyarwar Bruno. Sun bar mai yawa kimiyya ayyuka a tauhidin, falsafar, ecclesiastical da siyasa jigogi, sõyayya da wannan ra'ayin na iyaka talikai. A mi} a mulki daga na da al'adar nuna falsafar da Renaissance. Nikolay Kuzansky tasowa manufar iyaka, amfani da su don bayyana Allah da kuma Figures a lissafi.

Allah ne da duniya, da kuma cikin duniya shi ne Allah. A ka'idar da aboki

Babban matsalar a cikin tunani Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ya da rabo daga duniya, kuma Allah, Theocentricism da falsafar shi gaba daya dan hanya zuwa na da tauhidin. Scholastic sanin Allah Cusa tsayayya da ka'idar "koya jahilci", wanda ya ba da sunan ta farko da falsafa aiki.

Academic jahilci ba ya nufin kin amincewa da Allah da kuma ilimi na duniya, wannan ba wani kin amincewa da shakka, kuma don bayyana cikakken ikon yinsa, daga ilmi ta hanyar fatawowi da dabaru. Falsafa dole ne a ci gaba a cikin al'amura na Allah da kuma duniya, shi ne daga jahilci da incommensurable Concepts da kuma ra'ayoyi game da abu. Pantheism a cikin falsafar da Renaissance Nikolay Kuzansky bayyana ba kawai daga addini ra'ayi, amma daga falsafa. A ganewa na Allah a matsayin dukan da duniya da kuma dalilin duka, kafa tushen da falsafar. Wannan yarda ya motsa daga addini da kuma personalizing Allah, Saukake ra'ayi game da ruhi da kuma fifiko ne ga dukan kõme.

Lokacin da Iogann Venk zargi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo a eretizm, ya kāre, sai ya bayyana bukatar ware Allah - bauta batun, bisa fahimta da sadaukarwa bauta daga Allah - wani abu na binciken. Saboda haka, Nikolay Kuzansky, sa Allah a matsayin nasa falsafa ji, kuma ba a matsayin tauhidi matsala. A wannan yanayin, shi yana nufin da rabo daga ƙãre abubuwa na duniya don duniya na iyaka, asali.

A bukatarsa faruwa cikakkar matsakaicin, da farko batu na reference

Allah, wanda ya gan a cikin cikakken renunciation na abubuwa na duniya - farkon mafi girma kasancewarsa, da cikakkar iyakar. Wannan shi ne mafarin komai, kuma a dukan tare da dukan haka-da'awar Kuzanskiy Nikolay. Falsafa zo daga gaskiyar cewa Allah ya ƙunshi komai. Kuma shi ne mafifici a kan duk.

Yana da wani mummunan manufar Allah da cewa kawo Nikolay Kuzansky, wanda dangane da falsafa kuwa ya ƙaryata game da otherworldliness, hadawa da shi tare da duniya. Allah alama da za a sweeping duniya, da kuma cikin duniya shi ne a cikin Allah. Wannan matsayi ne kusa da pantheism, tun Allah bai gano da yanayi, da zaman lafiya da kuma yanayi ne a ciki da shi, kamar yadda ya ke cikin mutum.

Domin faye hali aiwatar Kuzanskiy Nikolay, falsafar da take a miƙa mulki daga Allah ga mundane, yayi amfani da kalmar "tayin". Kanta na nufin bayyanuwar cikin cikakkar, wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani babban fahimtar da hadin kai na duniya, da lalata matsayi Concepts.

Yadda za a bayyana irin wannan masanin kimiyya a matsayin Nikolay Kuzansky, da falsafa, da asali ra'ayoyi na wanda aka kewaye a cikin manufar jigon abin da yake a cikin wani nau'i na folded a cikin Allah ta bar su a baya da zaman lafiya da akwai motsi, lokaci lokaci - an nan take, da kuma tayin da layi - batun. A rukunan shi ne tushen harshen daidaituwa na hamayya da juna da duniya da Allah. Halitta, ya fassara a matsayin tayin bazai wucin gadi, saboda halittar - ne da wanzuwar Allah, kuma shi ne har abada. Saboda haka, da halitta da kanta, ba ta wucin gadi buɗi na bukatar samun da ba shiri nasa, kamar yadda aka koyar da addini.

Cosmology a cikin ra'ayoyin Cusa. A ra'ayi na rashin iyaka na sararin samaniya da kuma ainihin allahntakar

Sararin samaniya zama kamar m tayin bautãwa, tun kawai akwai, da cikakkar matsakaicin, na iya zama mafi m jihar a cikin sa, da wata kalma, shi ne wani abin bautawa samaniya na iya zama ba fãce a cikin wata iyaka hanya. Wannan shi ne wani ya rage mata - babban nuna alama na otherness na Allah daga sararin samaniya. Kamar yadda wakilta Nikolay Kuzansky, falsafa a takaice ya bayyana matsalar da kuma bukatar wani overhaul. Scholastic hoto na duniya, a lokacin da ya halitta duniya, kora a lokacin da aka iyakance ga immobility na sama jikinsu, da kuma gano tare da Kirista Allah ba ya zo daidai da koyaswar, wanda aka gabatar da Nikolay Kuzansky. Falsafa, da asali ra'ayoyi na wanda aka kewaye a cikin wani pantheistic ganewa na allahntaka da kuma mundane, ya bayyana manufar Allah da kuma duniya a matsayin wata da'ira a tsakiya ciki shi kuma babu inda a lokaci guda a ko'ina.

Space a cikin mutum, da kuma mutumin da Allah

Bisa wannan ka'ida likening Allah na halitta sarari, duniya na da da'irar, amma ta tsakiya ne a ko'ina. Amma duk da haka duniya ba iyaka, in ba haka ba ya kasance daidai yake da Allah, da kuma a cikin wannan yanayin zai zama wani da'irar da cibiyar, zai zama karshen kuma, daidai da, da farko, zai zama kusa. Wannan shi ne wani buɗi na duniya bisa ga Mu daga Allah, ya bayyana Nikolay Kuzansky. Falsafa, da asali ideas wanda za ka iya taƙaice bayyana m, dangane bisa mundane allahntaka fara juya sabon abu a cikin jiki da kuma sarari zama. A wannan hasashe, za mu iya gama game cosmology. Sai dai itace, Duniya ba tsakiyar duniya, kuma ta karkara ba za a iya gyarawa samaniya jikinsu, bisa ga Kuzanskiy Nikolay.

Falsafar cosmology gata deprives ƙasar wanda a baya aka dauke cibiyar sararin samaniya, da kuma Allah ya zama cibiyar da kome, a lokaci guda shi ya bayyana kudirin na Duniya. Kãfirtarsu da tsakiyar wuri da immobility na duniya, ba ya gabatar da makirci na motsi na jikinsu a cikin sama da aka riga loosening zaton ƙasar, ya sharewa hanya domin cin gaban cosmology da hana geocentricism ma'ana gaskata.

A fahimta ainihin allahntakar, kimiyya da ilmi ba

Tanã darkake da addini view na sararin samaniya, wanda shi ne halayyar da Neoplatonists, Nikolay Kuzansky gabatar bautãwa na sauko masa, ta sauka ga matakin da kayan ba, amma kamar yadda na bayyana mafi girma ainihin allahntakar. Saboda haka, duniya alama kamar wani m allahntaka halitta, wanda ba ka damar ganin keda daukaka na Allah da kuma zane-zane. Perishability dukan kõme ba zai iya boye wa nobility na nufin Allah. The kyau na duniya, wanda aka bayyana da Nikolay Kuzansky, falsafar duniya sadarwa da kuma jituwa halitta suna barata. A cikin halittar duniya Allah ya yi amfani da lissafi, ilmin lissafi, taurari, music, kuma duk da arts aiki mutum.

Harmony na duniya ne a fili da aka bayyana a mutum - mafi girma halittar Allah. Wannan ne evidenced da Nikolay Kuzansky. Falsafa, da ainihin ra'ayin wanda yake kunshe da bayani na duk da cewa mai kyau ne, abin da aka halitta da Allah, shi ne kakkarfan dangankata da nazarin cosmology da ontology pantheistic. Man Ana daukarsa a matsayin m halittar Allah. Ajiye ta a sama da dukan ta sa a kan wani matakin a matsayi, zamu iya cewa ya alama da za a suak kangare. Saboda haka, ya shĩ ne babban mutum, ya shiga dukan duniya.

Mene ne halayyar duk gagarumin: janye daga hamayya da juna da kuma furta a samuwar dan'adam. Yarda da matsakaicin birgima a cikin Allah kuma sarari Bunƙasa dawwama nuna a cikin yanayi na mutum, da ake kira rage duniya. Wannan ne cikakken kamala ne ainihin allahntakar, wanda shi ne peculiar ga bil'adama a matsayin dukan, ba mutum. Man, ya tashe zuwa matakin qarshe, zama daya tare da shi, zai iya zama wannan abin bautãwa, ya gane Allah-mutumin.

Irin wannan jam'iyya na mutum da Allah a wajen ɗabi'arsa mai yiwuwa ne kawai a Ɗan Allah, Yesu. Saboda haka, ka'idar da mutum da kakkarfan dangankata da Christology, da kuma cewa - tare da tayin na da ka'idar sa a gaba ta hanyar Nikolay Kuzansky. Falsafa a takaice da kuma bayani a fili cewa shi ne cikakken m yanayi na Allah Ɗa ne naƙasa daga dabi'ar mutum, kamar sarari a rushe jihar, dauke a cikin Allah. Aiwatuwa a cikin Almasihu dabi'ar mutum ne iyaka, amma iyaka a cikin mutum, shi ne guntun. Saboda haka, mutum izuwa - guntun kasancewa. A ganewa na mutum Almasihu da kuma Nikolaem Kuzanskim taimake shi matsawa da ra'ayin halittar mutum muhimmi a cikin koyarwar coci. Ya wadãtu da mutum ba kamar yadda wata halitta, amma kamar yadda mahalicci, wannan shi ne abin da ya kwatanta da ainihin allahntakar. Wannan ne evidenced da ikon da mutum ke tunani fahimta da duniya ne iyaka, to koyi sababbin abubuwa.

Falsafar pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo da mabiyansa

Tare da falsafar pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo alaka ra'ayin da dangantakar dake tsakanin ilmi da ĩmãni. Dalili na rukunan hõrarru view sarari a matsayin wani littafi na allahntaka asalin, inda Allah ya saukar wa mutum wani ilmi ba. Saboda haka imani ne fahimta da ainihin allahntakar rage girmanta, located in mutum. Amma, a daya hannun, da wayar da kan jama'a na fadada yanayi, wayar da kan jama'a na Allah - da hali na tunanin mutum, wanda ba za a iya maye gurbinsu da makafi da bangaskiya. Rashin sanin Nikolay Kuzansky contrasted kallo na ilimi, wanda ya ba da wani ra'ayi na janye na hamayya da juna. Irin wannan ilmi ya kira ilimi da hangen nesa ko diraya, wayar da kan jama'a na sume, da tunaninsu da lamirinsu, a cikin wasu kalmomi, kimiyya da ilmi ba.

A marmarin fahimta da gaskiya ma'anar, da rashin iyawa don gane da immensity show ba a kare ba abubuwa. Kuma da gaskiya da aka gabatar a matsayin wani abu na haƙiƙa, amma unattainable, kamar yadda cognition, koyo na iya ba a daina, amma gaskiya ne iyaka. Cusa yi zaton mutum ilmi ne dangi, da kuma yada addini da ilmi. Saboda haka, duk wani addini ne kawai da mugun kusa da gaskiya, sabõda haka ya kamata ka tsaya ga addini juna da ragowa da kin amincewa da addini tsantseni.

A wani bafalsafe, zurfin tunani, ko da wani bidi'a?

Ainihin ideas Nikolaya Kuzanskogo tabbatar da cewa sosai hayayyafa domin kara raya wani m falsafa. A tasiri cewa cigaban halitta kimiyya, humanism, ya sanya shi ya zama shahararren masanin ilimin falsafa na Renaissance. Rukunan da gabban, da janye hamayya da juna kyauta ci gaban da Jamus idealism a falsafar 18-19 ƙarni.

Karfi da tasiri a ji na duniya kuma yana da cosmology, ra'ayin wani iyaka sararin samaniya, da rashin wata da'irar da kuma cibiyar. Daga baya sai aka ci gaba da aikin mai bin Cusa, Giordano Bruno.

Saninsu mutum kamar Allah, mahaliccin, taimake ta da muhimmancin mutum Cusa. Ya yaba da iyawarsa ta tunani da mutum zuwa ga marasa iyaka da ilmi ba, ko da yake, a gaskiya, da shi ya ba su jituwa da nan gabatar da coci wani mutum da gani kamar yadda eretizm. Mutane da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyin Nikolaya Kuzanskogo saba wa mulkin gargajiya tsarin da kuma gurgunta ikon Church. Amma shi wanda ya yi aza harsashin ginin da Renaissance falsafa da kuma ya zama wani fitaccen wakilin al'ada a lokacinsa.