Northern Renaissance, kuma da halaye

Kalmar "Renaissance» ( «rinascita») nasa ne da art tarihi Dzhordzho Vazari. Daga baya, kalmar da aka dauka up da Faransa da kuma aka canza kama zuwa Renaissance (Renaissance) - don haka ne ma ake kira lokacin. A lokacin da firam yana da wuya a tantance: an yi imani da cewa da ya fara tare da babban annoba a 1347 da kuma kare tare da zuwan da New Age, na farko bourgeois juyin juya halin. Abin da aka farfado a wannan lokaci? Vasari zaton cewa ruhun tsoho hikimar Greek masana falsafa da kuma Roman al'adu. Duk wannan ya shahara, a Italiya bayan da "duhu shekaru daban-daban" - don haka mai lakabin tarihi a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai. Transalpine ko Arewa Renaissance zo yawa daga baya Italian, kuma yana da muhimmi siffofin kawai shi.

Don arewa da Alps a yammaci da kuma tsakiyar Turai na dogon lokaci a cikin al'adun mulki Gothic, wanda kai da ganiya a XIV karni ( "Flamboyant Gothic"). Duk da haka, a nuna na XIV da XV ƙarni a Burgundy, an fara fito fili painters da sculptors cewa rabu da canons na mai ladabi Gothic. Wannan shi ne da farko Limbourg Brothers da sculptor K.Slyuter. Yayin da Duchy na Burgundy kara zuwa yanzu fiye da yanzu Faransa lardin da kuma rufe Belgium da Netherlands. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Arewa Renaissance ya fi m, a wadannan kasashe.

Idan farkon na Italian Renaissance da aka nasaba da fall na Konstantinoful da isowa a Italiya na babban adadin 'yan gudun hijira daga Byzantine Empire, waɗanda suke ɗaukar tare da su da Greek al'adu, kasar da a karni daga baya ya zo da Arewa Renaissance - da Netherlands, Jamus, Faransa, Ingila da kuma sauran dogon kiyaye shi ne na da Outlook. Idan ya yi anthropocentrism, a arewa da Alps a Italiya, falsafar talakawa - pantheism.

Pantheism riko da cewa Allah ne diffused a cikin yanayi, amma saboda wuri mai faɗi ne ya cancanci perpetuating a kan zane a matsayin allahntaka sifa. A Italian Renaissance idealized yanayi, musamman hana idon basira, daki-daki, kuma sau da yawa hidima a matsayin backdrop ga wani hoto. Northern Renaissance, kuma sunã nẽman ta kama da real iri, Yãna halitta mai zaman kanta Genre na zanen - wuri mai faɗi. Musamman wannan Trend in na gani zane-zane ta wadãta karkashin goga Jamus artists A. Dürer, Lucas Cranach A. Altdorfer, Zh.Fuke Faransa, Dutchman J. Patinir.

Hoto - wani salo inda mafi vividly nuna Arewa Renaissance. Artists H. Holbein Jr. da Dürer a Jamus, Rogier van der Weyden da Jan van Eyck a Niderdandah, J. da kuma F. Clouet Clouet, Jean Fouquet a Faransa na kokarin kai ne ba na zahiri kyakkyawa da fuska, amma tunani na mutum wanda aka nuna a kan zane, kai babban tunanin expressiveness na image. Wadannan da na da ilmi na "ugliness", master na grotesque sau da yawa amfani da abin da ta zarce mafi Ieronim Boskh.

Biyu Genre cewa haifar da Arewa Renaissance, wannan yau da kullum al'amuran. A Italiya, wata babbar abokin ciniki art yi Church, wanda ya so ya gani da hotuna na Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran. A cikin Netherlands, mafi kuma mafi shahararren a fagen siyasa da bourgeois aji daukan kan baton: m guilds da craft shagunan saye daga artists su hotuna a kan backdrop na ƙasarsa birni, wanda, a hade tare da Yunƙurin na faɗi, Yãna halitta Genre al'amuran. The most master of Genre scenes - Pieter Bruegel da Dattijon, wanda kuma ake kira "baƙauye", saboda ganin cewa ya na son zuwa bayana labarun scenes na baƙauye rayuwa. Ga shi kuma sauran, "kananan Dutch" ne halin da wani matsanancin virtuosity da kuma na sosai prorisovyvanie bayani.