Pedology - shi ne su fahimci manufar ...

Pedology - shi ne mai kimiyya, hada da yanki daga magani, ilmin halitta, pedagogy kuma Psycho-dabarun da ci gaban da yaro. Ko da yake lokaci ne m, kuma ya samu format na yaro Psychology, duniya pedological hanyoyin da jawo hankali ba kawai masana kimiyya, amma kuma ga mutane waje na kimiyya duniya.

labarin

Pedology tarihi fara a cikin West a cikin marigayi 19th karni. Its fitowan sun fi mayar da gudummawar da m ci gaban da amfani rassan gwaji pedagogy da tunani. Haduwa da kusance wannan ilimin Halittar Jiki-physiological da nazarin halittu faru a paedology mechanically. More daidai, shi ya shibtarsu ta wani hadadden, m binciken da shafi tunanin mutum cin da yara da kuma halayensu.

Kalmar "pedology" da aka gabatar da American masanin kimiyya-bincike Krismanom Oscar a 1853. A Girkanci definition ne kamar yadda "da kimiyya na yara" (Pedos - yaro, tambura - kimiyya, nazari).

headwaters

A farko ayyuka a pedology aka rubuta ta hanyar American Psychologists GS Hall, J .. Baldwin da physiologist W. Preyer. Sai suka tsaya a asalin na raya ci gaban tunani da kuma tattara wata babbar kantin sayar da empirical data a kan ci gaba da kuma hali na yara. Ayyukansu sun sauyi a hanyoyi da dama da kuma samar da tushen yaro da kuma raya ci gaban tunani.

a Rasha

A farkon karni na 20th, wani sabon kimiyya halin yanzu shiga cikin Rasha (sai da Tarayyar Soviet) da kuma samu wani cancanci mabiyi a cikin ayyukan likita hauka da reflexology VM Spondylitis, psychologist AP Nechayev, physiologist E. Moymana pathologists da GI Rossolimo. Kowace daga cikinsu ta nagarta na sana'a yi kokarin bayyana da kuma kirkiro da dokoki na yaro ci gaba da kuma hanyoyin da ta gyara.

Pedology a Rasha tsiwirwirinsu m ikon yinsa: bude pedological cibiyoyi na bayar da "Yara House" (Moscow), mai yawan musamman darussa. A makarantu gudanar m gwaji, da sakamakon wanda azuzuwan na kayan aiki faru. A binciken da na yaro Psychology aka alaka jagorancin Psychologists, physiologists, likitoci da malaman kasar. Duk wannan da aka yi, da nufin a da cikakken nazari na yaro ci gaba. Duk da haka, irin wannan sauki aiki ba quite gaskata da wajen.

By da 20 ga watan shekara a Rasha pedology - wannan sararin kimiyya motsi, amma ba wani hadadden kimiyya. Babban cikas ga kira na sanin yaron ya da rashin wata na farko bincike na hanyoyin kimiyya, sa up wannan hadaddun.

kurakurai

Babban kuskure na Soviet pedologists dauke da wani underestimation na da rawar da hereditary dalilai a ci gaban yara da su da tasiri a siffata da mutane na zamantakewa yanayi. A wani m al'amari zuwa kimiyya blunders hada da kuskure da kuma amfani da hankali da gwaje-gwaje.

A 30s duk lahani da aka hankali gyara da kuma Soviet pedology farko na wani karin m da m hanya. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1936, ta zama wani "na karya-kimiyya", ƙyãmã na tsarin siyasa. A juyin juya halin Musulunci gwajen folded, pedological Lab rufe. Gwaji ne babban Hanyar pedological, shi ne m, a ilimi yi. Tun lokacin da sakamakon da mafi yawan yara juya fitar da za a ƙãra firistoci, fata da kuma "rududdugaggu" kawo dukkan, maimakon na proletariat. Kuma shi ya ba su jituwa da jam'iyyar akida. Saboda haka kiwon yara koma zuwa gargajiya siffofin, wanda ya kai ga stagnation a cikin ilimi tsarin.

Ka'idojin pedology

Development of pedology a Rasha bada wasu sakamakon, shi aka kafa ainihin kimiyya ka'idodin:

• Pedology - cikakke sanin yaro. Daga wannan wuri, an dauke ba "rarrabe", da kuma a general, a lokaci guda kamar yadda halittar nazarin halittu, zamantakewa, halayyar dan Adam, da dai sauransu. Duk al'amurran da karatunsa ne m, kuma lauye da juna. Amma wannan ba kawai a saida kaya na bayanai da kuma tari na m msar tambayar tsarin da hanyoyin.
• Wani wuri da aka da pedologists kayyade manufa. An rayayye karatu psychologist LS Vygotsky. A cikin misali na da yaron ya egocentric magana ( "jawabin debe sauti"), ya tabbatar da cewa sophomoric ko "muttering karkashin ya numfashi," shi ne mataki na farko na ciki magana ko mutum tunani. Halitta manufa ya nuna ruwan dare daga cikin sabon abu.
• The uku manufa - nazarin yara - ya tabbatar da cewa zamantakewa yanayi da kuma rayuwa ƙwarai tasiri da m ci gaban da yaro da kuma anthropomorphic. Saboda haka, sakaci ko stiffness na ilimi, tamowa shafi shafi tunanin mutum da kuma physiological kiwon lafiya na yaro.
• A karo na hudu manufa ne m muhimmancin pedology - miƙa mulki daga duniya na yaro koyo canza shi. A wannan dangane da shi an halitta pedological shawara, tattaunawa tare da iyaye, m ganewar asali na yara.

Pedology - wani hadadden kimiyya, haka Usul suna dogara ne a kan wani m nazari na yaro. Psychology da pedology dogon aka gano tare da juna, na biyu fitarwa na farko ambatacce. Saboda haka, rinjaye a pedology har yanzu hidima da m al'amari.

Tun 50s da ra'ayin partially pedology fara komawa zuwa pedagogy da tunani. Kuma shekaru 20 daga baya shi ya fara wani aiki ilimi da aiki ta amfani da gwajin a kan ilimi ci gaban yara.