Phagocytosis - mece ce? Menene ainihin phagocytosis? Matakan Phagocytosis

Saboda haka, phagocytosis - mece ce? Bari mu gwada fahimtar ma'anar wannan lokaci. Kalmar nan "phagocytosis" ta samo asali ne daga nau'o'in Hellenanci guda biyu - phagos (cin nama) da kytos (cage). Matsayin likita na kasa da kasa phagokytosis, ba kamar russified, yana da karshen osis, wanda aka fassara daga Girkanci a matsayin "tsari" ko "sabon abu". Saboda haka, ma'anar wannan ma'anar shine ma'anar fitarwa na wakili na waje daga wasu kwayoyin halitta, wani motsi da aka yi niyya zuwa gare shi, kama da kuma shayarwa da kuma rabawa. A wannan labarin zamu tattauna game da ainihin phagocytosis. Zamu kuma yi magana game da abin da ke nunawa, la'akari da matakai kuma gano bambancin tsakanin cikakkiyar phagocytosis da aka kammala.

Tarihin gano magungunan salula na musamman

Kwararren Rashanci mai ban mamaki - II Mechnikov a 1882 - 1883 gg. Gudanar da gwaje-gwajen akan narkewar kwayar halitta, nazarin gine-gine na taurari na teku. Scientist mamaki ko ya zauna a cikin kwayar kwayoyin da ikon kama abinci jinsin Kwayoyin. Har ila yau kuma yana kallon shi a matsayin mai sauki guda daya, misali misali amoebae. II Mechnikov ya gudanar da gwaji: ya yayyafa murfin carmine cikin jikin jikin larvae kuma ya dubi bango na kwayoyin girma akan wadannan kananan hatsi. Suka kama da haɗiye launi. Sa'an nan masanin kimiyya ya yi tsammanin cewa a cikin wani kwayoyin halitta ya kamata a sami kwayoyin halitta na musamman waɗanda za su iya shafan kuma suyi wasu kwayoyin da suke cutar da jiki. Don tabbatar da jarrabawa, da masana kimiyya amfani da ruwan hoda da zangarniya, wanda aka gabatar a cikin jiki na larvae na tarwada. Wani lokaci daga baya, masanin kimiyya ya ga kwayoyin suna kewaye da ƙaya, suna ƙoƙari su ƙetare "kwari" da tura su. Wadannan ƙananan kwakwalwar da aka gano a cikin jikin mahaifa, masanin kimiyya da ake kira phagocytes. Godiya ga wannan kwarewa, II Mechnikov ya bayyana phagocytosis. A shekara ta 1883, ya bayar da rahoto game da binciken da ya samu a Majalisa ta bakwai na 'yan halitta na Rasha. Daga baya, masanin kimiyya ya ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin wannan hanya, ya haifar da yanayin kumburi kamar yadda ya shafi ka'idar rigakafi. A 1908, tare da masanin ilimin kimiyya P. Ehrlich, ya karbi lambar yabo na Nobel don binciken da ya fi muhimmanci.

Abin mamaki na phagocytosis - mece ce?

II Mechnikov ya gano kuma ya fahimci muhimmancin phagocytosis a cikin halayen kare jikin jiki da dabbobi mafi girma. Masanin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa wannan tsari yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen warkar da raunuka daban-daban. Kalmomi na ƙididdigar nazarin halittu yana ba da ma'anar nan. Phagocytosis abu ne mai kamala, da kuma ɗaukar abubuwa na waje, irin su kwayoyin cuta, microfungi da kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin unicellular ko wasu kwayoyin halitta (phagocytes) da aka samu a cikin kowane kwayoyin halitta. Menene ainihin phagocytosis? An yi imani cewa shi ne mafi tsofaffin nau'i na kariya ga tsarin kwayar halitta. Aikin aiki na tsarin rigakafin mutum, phagocytosis kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta da sauran jami'ai na kasashen waje. Magoyacin lokaci suna yaduwa cikin jiki, neman "kwari". Lokacin da aka sanar da wakili na kasashen waje, mai karɓa ya ɗaure shi. Bayan haka, phagocyte yana shayar da kwaro kuma ya lalata shi.

Ƙungiyoyi biyu na wayoyin salula sune "masu kare"

Magoya bayan lokaci suna ci gaba a cikin jihohi mai aiki kuma suna shirye su yi yaƙi da tushen kamuwa da cuta a kowane lokaci. Bã su da wani tabbaci, tun da yake zasu iya yin aikinsu ba kawai a ciki ba, amma kuma a waje da jiki: a kan fuskokin mucous membranes da kuma yankunan lalacewa. Fassarar mutane sun kasu kashi biyu daga ra'ayi akan tasirin su: "masu sana'a" da "marasa amfani". Na farko sun hada da monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, kwayoyin mast da kwayoyin dendritic jiki. Mafi mahimmancin salon phafecytes na fata shine fararen jini ne - leukocytes. Sun yi hijira zuwa mayar da hankali na ƙumburi kuma sunyi ayyuka na kare. Phagocytosis na leukocytes ya bada shawara akan ganowa, shafewa da halakar abubuwa masu mahimmanci, da rayukansu ko lalacewa. Bayan yin ayyukansa, wasu daga cikin jinin jini sun shiga cikin kwandon kwandon kuma suna ci gaba da watsawa a cikin jini, ɗayan kuma - yana karɓar apoptosis ko dystrophic canje-canje. "Ƙungiya maras amfani" ta ƙunshi fibroblasts, cellular reticular da kuma endothelial, wanda ke da nauyin aikin haɓaka.

Hanyar phagocytosis: mataki na farko

Yi la'akari da yadda tsarin magance kwayoyin halitta ke faruwa. Masana kimiyya sun bambanta matakai hudu na phagocytosis. Na farko shi ne haɓakawa: matakan da ke nunawa yana gabatowa wani abu ne. Wannan ya faru ko dai sakamakon sakamakon haɗari, ko kuma sakamakon sakamakon motsi na aiki - chemotaxis. Akwai nau'i biyu na chemotaxis - tabbatacce (motsi zuwa phagocyte) da kuma mummunan (motsi daga phagocyte). A matsayinka na mai mulki, anyi amfani da tsire-tsire masu kyau a shafin yanar-gizon lalacewar nama, da kuma lalacewa ta hanyar microbes da samfurori.

Haɗuwa da phagocytes ga wakili na waje

Bayan da kusanci da "kwayar karewa" zuwa kwayar mummunan, matakin na biyu zai fara. Yana da jingina. Hakan ya samo abu, ya taɓa shi kuma ya haɗa kansa. Alal misali, leukocytes da suka zo ga ƙaddamar da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta da kuma biyan bango na jirgin ruwa, kada ku kauce masa ko da duk da yawan jini mai gudu. Hanya na rudani ya faru saboda nauyin da aka yi na phagocyte. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mummunan abu ne, kuma an yi wa ɗayan abubuwa na phagocyte takaddama. A wannan yanayin, ana iya ganin adhe mafi kyau. Kuskuren cajin ƙwayoyi, alal misali, kwayoyin tumo, an kama su ta hanyar phagocytes da yawa mafi muni. Duk da haka, akwai kuma jingina ga irin waɗannan barbashi. Dalili ne saboda aikin mucopolysaccharides da ke kan layin membranes na phagocytes, kuma ta hanyar rage dankowan cytoplasm kuma yana rufe da wakili na waje tare da sunadarai na whey.

Mataki na uku na phagocytosis

Bayan haɗuwa da wani abu mai mahimmanci, samfurin ya samo shi, wanda zai iya faruwa a hanyoyi biyu. A wurin saduwa, harsashi na wani abu na waje, sa'an nan kuma abu da kansa ya shiga cikin tantanin halitta. A lokaci guda, gefen kyawun membrane kusa da abu, kuma a sakamakon haka an kafa rami mai rarrabe, yana dauke da kwayar cutar mai ciki. Hanya na biyu shine shawo kan pseudopods da ke rufe wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin waje da rufe su. A sakamakon haka, sai suka zama masu fursunoni a cikin motsi a cikin sel. A matsayinka na mulkin, tare da taimakon magungunan pseudopodia phagocytes suna sha microfungi. Komawa ko rufe jikin wani abu mai cutarwa zai yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa membran na phagocytic yana da kamfanoni masu kwangila.

Intracellular janyewa daga cikin "kwaro"

Mataki na hudu na phagocytosis ya shafi narkewa na intracellular. Wannan shi ne kamar haka. Wani abincin da yake dauke da ƙwayar waje ya hada da lysosomes da ciwon hadaddun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda aka kunna da kuma zuba. A lokaci guda kuma, an kafa yanayi inda samfurorin macromolecules na ribonuclease, amylase, protease da lipase sukan sauke. Mun gode wa ciwon enzymes, hallakaswa da narkewa na faruwa, sa'an nan kuma sakin kayan lalacewar daga cikin raguwa. Yanzu ku san abin da dukkanin matakai hudu na phagocytosis suke. Ana kiyaye kariya ga kwayoyin a cikin matakai: na farko, phagocyte da abu sun hada tare, to, janyo hankalin, watau, wurin da ya zama mummunar cutarwa a kan "mai karewa", sannan kuma - sha da kuma narkewa na kwaro.

An kammala da cikakke phagocytosis. Menene bambance-bambance?

Dangane da abin da zai haifar da yaduwar kwayoyi na kasashen waje, nau'i biyu suna bambanta: cikakkiyar cikakkiyar phagocytosis kuma ba cikakke ba. Na farko an kammala shi ta wurin lalacewar abu da kuma cire kayan lalata a cikin yanayin. Furogocytosis wanda ba a gama ba - menene shi? Kalmar yana nufin cewa sassan kasashen waje waɗanda suke samuwa ta hanyar phagocytes sun kasance mai yiwuwa. Za su iya rushe wutar lantarki ko amfani dashi a matsayin "ƙasa" don haifuwa. Misali na phagocytosis ba cikakke shine ɗaukar gonococci a cikin kwayar da ba ta da wata rigakafi a gare su. A tsarin da ba a kare ba na microgoganic pathogenic kwayoyin halitta sun kasance a cikin phagocytes, kuma suna yadu cikin jiki. Saboda haka, a wuri na m inji na phagocytosis zama shugaba na cuta, taimaka kwari don yada da ruɓanyawa.

Dalilin rushewa na tsarin narkewar kwayar cutar

Rashin karya phagocytosis yana faruwa ne saboda lahani a lokacin da aka samu phagocytes, da kuma lokacin da aka kawar da nauyin kare kariya ta wayar hannu. Bugu da ƙari, canza canji a cikin narkewar kwayoyi zai yiwu ne saboda cututtuka masu kamala, irin su Alder da Chediac-Higashi. Rashin zubar da hankalin phagocytes, ciki har da sake farfadowa da leukocytes, sau da yawa yakan faru ne tare da radiation radiation ko kuma saboda rashin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki. Ƙarfafa ayyuka na phagocytes na iya faruwa saboda rashin raunin wasu hormones, electrolytes da bitamin. Har ila yau, ƙwayoyin glycolytic da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta suna tasiri sosai akan aikin phagocytes. Muna fatan, godiya ga labarinmu, zaka iya amsa wannan tambaya: "Phagocytosis - menene?". Sa'a mai kyau!