Rasha a cikin 16th karni: manufofin raya

16th karni a Rasha - samuwar da Karkasa Rasha jihar. A lokacin wannan lokaci ne domin shawo mulkin gargajiya fragmentation - aiwatar da characterizing wata halitta ci gaban feudalism. Cities girma, da kara yawan, ci gaba da kuma cinikayya waje dangantakar. Canje-canje a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yanayi kai ga sananne m amfani da manoma da m bautar.

A tarihin Rasha 16-17 karni ba sauki - shi ne lokaci na samuwar statehood, samuwar sansanonin. A jini events na yaki, kokarin kare kansu daga amo mara sa na Golden taro da kuma m lokaci ake bukata matsaloli m hannun gwamnatin hadin kan mutane.

A samuwar wani Karkasa jihar

Fage daidaituwa na Rasha da kuma shawo kan mulkin gargajiya rarrabuwa fito a cikin 13th karni. Wannan shi ne musamman m a cikin Vladimir sarauta, located in arewa-maso-gabas. A ci gaba da aka katse da mamayewa na Tatar-Mongol, wanda ba kawai ragae saukar da aiwatar da daidaituwa, amma kuma ya sa muhimmanci lalacewar da Rasha mutane. Tarurrukan fara kawai a cikin 14th karni.: Dawo da aikin noma, da gina birane, da kafa tattalin arziki. Duk da karin nauyi tsiwirwirinsu Muscovy da Moscow, wanda ƙasa da aka girma sannu a hankali. A ci gaba da Rasha a cikin 16th karni bi hanyar ƙarfafa aji saba wa juna. Domin iko da manoma, da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji sun yi aiki daya, yi amfani da wani sabon tsari na siyasa tsakanin kasashen, ya karfafa da tsakiyar ofishin.

Na biyu factor cewa gudummawar da daidaituwa da mulkoki da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon - da m matsayi na kasashen waje da manufofin. Don yaƙi da waje invaders da Golden taro ya zama dole to gama duk. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya Rasha zai iya lashe Kulikovo filin da kuma a cikin marigayi 15th karni. gaba daya sake saita Tatar-Mongol karkiya, wanda dade fiye da shekara ɗari biyu.

Kan aiwatar da samuwar guda jihar bayyana da farko a cikin kungiyar yankuna da raba jihohin cikin daya mai Muscovy kuma a canji cikin harkokin siyasa kungiyar na al'umma, da yanayin statehood. Daga mai Gwargwadon ra'ayi, da tsari da aka kammala ta farkon da 16th c., Amma da siyasa na'ura aka kafa kawai a karo na biyu da rabi.

Vasily III

Za mu iya cewa 16th karni a cikin tarihi na Rasha ya fara da mulkin Vasily III, wanda ya hau gadon sarautar, a 1505 yana da shekaru 26 da shekaru. Shi ne na biyu, ɗan Ivan III Mai girma. Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha an yi aure sau biyu. A karo na farko a kan wakilin tsohon boyar iyali Solomonii Saburovoy (hoton da ke ƙasa - fuska maimaitawa na kwanyar). A bikin aure ya faru a kan 09.04.1505 kasance, amma domin shekaru 20 da aure, sai ta ba su ba ta haifi wani mataimaki. M Prince bukaci da a saki. Ya sauri samu da amsa na coci da kuma Boyar Duma. A irin wannan hali bi na aikin saki matansu tunani da sufi ne unprecedented a cikin tarihi na Rasha.

Na biyu matar sarki ya Elena Glinskaya da suka samo asali daga wani tsohon Lithuanian iyali. Ta haifa masa 'ya'ya biyu maza. Widowed a 1533, ta zahiri kawo canji, a kotu, da kuma Rasha a cikin 16th karni na farko samu wani regent, duk da haka, ba musamman rare tare da boyars da mutane.

Harkokin waje da kuma na cikin gida Politika Vasiliya III na, a gaskiya, shi ne mai halitta ci gaba da ayyuka na mahaifinsa, wanda aka gaba ɗaya mayar da hankali a kan karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon da karfafa ikon da coci.

m siyasa

Vasily III bayar da shawarar da Unlimited ikon sarki. A gwagwarmaya da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na Rus da magoya bayan an rayayye dadin da goyon bayan da coci. Daga waɗanda suka kasance mugaye, sauƙi ne Yake shirya na aika gudun hijira ko da raunata azãba. Cikakken bayyana azzaluman yanayi, m ko a cikin matasa. A zamanin mulkinsa, da muhimmancin boyars a kotu gagarumin faduwa, amma nobility na ƙasar ƙaruwa. Lokacin da aiwatar, amma ya fi Josephites na coci siyasa.

A 1497 Vasily III soma wani sabon Code of Law aka dogara ne a kan Rasha gaskiya, tsarin mulki da kuma Shari'a Yarjejeniya, shari'a yanke shawara a kan wasu nau'i-nau'i daga tambayoyi. Shi ne mai sa na dokokin, kuma an halitta su systematize da streamline data kasance a lokacin da dokar da kuma shi ne wani muhimmin ma'auni wajen karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon. Sarkin sarakuna rayayye goyan bayan gina, a cikin shekaru na mulkinsa, an gina Mala'iku Cathedral, Church of Hawan Yesu zuwa sama a cikin Kolomna, sabon ƙauyuka, gidãje da mata kagarai. Bugu da kari, shi ne aiki, kazalika da ubansa, ya tafi "tattara" da Rasha asashe, annexing da jamhuriyar Pskov, Ryazan.

Relationship tare da Kazan Khanate karkashin Basil III

Rasha ta kasashen waje da manufofin a cikin 16th karni, kuma mafi daidai, a farkon rabin ne sun fi mayar da wani tunani na ciki. Sarkin sarakuna kokarin hada kamar yadda zai yiwu ƙasar, azabtar da su da gwamnatin tsakiya da cewa, a gaskiya, a zaman ci na sabon yankuna. Bayan aikata da Golden taro, Rasha kusan nan da nan suka tafi a kan m, a cikin Khanate, kafa a sakamakon ta auka. Turkey da kuma Krymskoe Hanstvo nuna sha'awa a Kazan, Rasha babban ga muhimmancin saboda da takin gargajiya na kasa da kyau dabarun wuri, amma kuma saboda m barazana da hare-hare. A jira na mutuwa na Ivan III a 1505 Kazan Khan ba zato ba tsammani ya fara wani yaki da cewa dade har 1507, bayan da dama Rasha asarar aka tilasta koma baya, sa'an nan kuma yin zaman lafiya. Tarihi maimaita kanta a cikin 1522-1523 biennium., Kuma a sa'an nan, a 1530-1531 gg. Kazan Khanate bai daina har da kursiyin Ivan Grozny bai zo ba.

Rasha-Lithuanian War

Babban dalilin da soja rikici - da so na Moscow prince nasara da kuma dauki iko da dukkan Rasha ƙasar, kazalika da yunkurin da Lithuania su dauki fansa ga shan kashi a baya 1500-1503 shekaru, wanda kudin ta asarar 1-3 sassa na duk yankuna .. Rasha a cikin 16th karni, bayan zuwan to ikon Basil III na, a wani wajen wuya kasashen waje da manufofin halin da ake ciki. Wahala sha kashi a Kazan Khanate, ta tilasta adawa da Duchy na Lithuania, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da anti-Russian Crimean khan.

The yaki ya fara a matsayin sakamakon gazawar cika da ultimatum na Basil III (dawowar ƙasar) a lokacin rani na 1507, bayan da hari a kan Bryansk da Chernigov ƙasar Lithuanian sojojin da Upper Oka mulkoki - Crimean Tatars. A 1508 shugabanni sun fara tattaunawa da kuma sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a karkashin abin da Lithuanian sarauta aka koma Lyublich da kewaye.

War of 1512-1522 shekaru. Shi ya zama mai ma'ana ci gaba da baya rikici a kan ƙasa. Duk da zaman lafiya kammala tsakanin jam'iyyun kasance musamman siga, ci gaba looting, rikicin da a kan iyakoki. Dalilin mataki shi ne mutuwa ta Grand Duchess na Lithuania da kuma 'yar'uwar Basil III na Helena. Grand Duchy na Lithuania sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Crimean Khanate wani jam'iyya, bayan da marigayi tashi zuwa yi yawa hare-hare a 1512 Rasha Prince Sigismund na ayyana yaki da kuma sa a gaba da babban karfi domin Smolensk. SB m shekaru, tare da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na nasara sun jerin man gas. Daya daga cikin manyan fadace-fadace da ya faru a kusa da Orsha Satumba 8, shekarar 1514 A 1521, bangarorin biyu na da wani sauran kasashen waje da manufofin al'amurran da suka shafi, kuma su aka tilasta ku yi sulhu domin 5 years. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar, Rasha a cikin 16th karni samu da Smolensk ƙasar, amma ya ki Vitebsk, Polotsk da Kiev, kazalika da dawowar fursunonin yaki.

Ivan IV (Munin)

Vasily III ya mutu daga cutar, a lõkacin da babban dan da aka sani kawai shekaru 3 da haihuwa. Foreseeing ya sananne mutuwa da kuma ta m gwagwarmayar kursiyin (a lokacin da sarki ya biyu matasa, 'yan'uwa Andrew kuma Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), ya kafa "sedmochislennuyu" hukumar da boyars. Cewa suna da ajiye Ivan kafin 15th ranar tunawa. A gaskiya ma, cikin kwamitin amintattun ya kasance a cikin ikon for game da shekara, sa'an nan kuma ya fara fada baya. Rasha a cikin 16th karni (1545) ta samu cikakken mulkin da kuma Sarkin na farko a cikin tarihi, in da mutum na Ivan IV, aka sani a duniya a karkashin sunan Ivan da Munin. A cikin hoto sama - maimaitawa image na siffar kwanyar.

Ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci iyalinsa. Masana tarihi iri dabam-dabam a cikin lambobin, kiran sunayen 6 ko 7 mata, wanda aka dauki matan sarki. Wasu mutu a m mutuwa, wasu gudun hijira zuwa wani sufi. Ivan Grozny da 'ya'ya uku. M (Ivan da Fedor) da aka haife daga matarsa ta farko, kuma ƙarami (Dmitriy Uglitsky) daga karshe - M.F.Nagoy, wanda taka leda a babban rawa a cikin tarihin kasar a lokacin da matsaloli.

Gyare-gyaren Ivana Groznogo

A ciki siyasa na Rasha a cikin 16th karni a lokacin zamanin mulkin Ivan da Munin aka har yanzu mayar da hankali a kan karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon, kazalika da gina muhimmanci jama'a cibiyoyin. Don wannan karshen, a tare da "zaba Rada" King, wani jerin sauye-sauye. A mafi muhimmanci ne da wadannan.

• Organization na Zemsky Sobor a 1549 a matsayin mafi girman caste-wakilin cibiyoyin. A da shi da aka gabatar duk azuzuwan fãce peasantry.
• Tallafi na sabon Sudebnik a 1550, ya ci gaba da manufofin da suka gabata doka yi, kuma a karon farko halatta guda ga duk haraji naúrar na ji.
• Lipstick da ƙasar kwaskwarima a farkon 50s na 16th karni.
• Formation umarni tsarin a t. H. ro, Streletskii, buga, da kuma sauransu. D.

Rasha ta kasashen waje da manufofin a zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo da aka ɓullo da a uku kwatance: kudu - yaki da Crimean Khanate, gabas - fadada daga cikin jiha iyakokin da yamma - gwagwarmayar samun Baltic Sea.

a gabas

Bayan rushewar Golden taro, wani m barazana ga Rasha ƙasashe halitta Astrakhan da Kazan Khanate a hannuwansu da aka mayar da hankali Volga cinikayya hanya. Total I. Grozny gudanar uku kamfen da Kazan, a sakamakon karshen, shi da aka dauka ta hanyar hadari (1552). Astrakhan aka shiga 4 Bayan shekaru, a cikin 1557 da yardar ransa da Rasha jihar ya shiga yawancin Bashkortostan da Chuvashia, sa'an nan su dangantaka gane da Nogai taro. Kamar wancan ƙare wani mummunan tarihi. Rasha a cikin marigayi 16th karni buɗe ta hanyar zuwa Siberia. M industrialists da suka karbi haruffa daga sarki ya mallaki ƙasar a kan r.Tobol, a kansa kudi outfitted tawagar free Cossacks, karkashin jagorancin Ermak ya.

a yamma

A wani yunkurin sãdu zuwa ga Baltic Sea domin baya shekaru 25 (1558-1583.) Ivan IV ya jagoranci wani grueling Livonian War. Its farkon aka tare da nasara ga Rasha yaƙin neman zaɓe, da shi da aka dauka ta 20 birane, ciki har da Narva da Dorpat, da sojojin da aka gabatowa Tallinn kuma Riga. A Livonian Order aka ci, amma yaki ya samu wani protracted yanayi, kamar yadda aka hannu a kasashen Turai da dama. Babban muhimmanci da aka buga da ƙungiyar na Lithuania da kuma Poland, a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A halin da ake ciki shi ne wani sauyi a gaban shugabanci, da kuma bayan wani dogon abun cece kuce a 1582 an tsaida wutar yaƙi da aka kammala shekaru 10. A shekara daga baya an sanya hannu yarjejeniya na plussa karkashin wadda Rasha rasa Livonia, amma koma duk kama alƙaryu ba, fãce Polotsk.

A kudu

A wajen kudu, har yanzu mai fatalwa kafa bayan rushewar Golden taro, Krymskoe Hanstvo. Babban aiki na jihar a cikin wannan shugabanci ya karfafa a kan iyakokin daga hare-hare na Crimean Tatars. Domin wannan dalili, da mataki na ci gaba da Wild filin da aka yi. Suka fara bayyana da farko tsaro line, watau. E. tsaron gida layi na tarkace katako, a tsakanin wanda tsaye katako harpoons (karfin) musamman da Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor na sarki

Ivan Grozny mutu Maris 18, 1584. A yanayi na sarauta cuta da ake kira a cikin shakka da masana tarihi ga wannan rana. Ya aka yi nasara da dansa Fyodor Ivanovich, samun shi dama bayan rasuwar babban ɗansa Ivan. A cikin kalmomin Ivan da Munin, ya kasance mafi daga wani sufi, da kuma azumi, mafi daidaituwa ga coci sabis fiye da ya ci sarauta. Masana tarihi kullum ayan yi imani da cewa yana cikin matalauta kiwon lafiya da kuma tunaninsa. A jama'a gwamnati, wani sabon sarki bai isa. Ya kasance karkashin jagorancin na boyars da kuma manya farko, sa'an nan kuma ya buxe wa-in Boris Godunov. A farko zamanin mulkin, da kuma na biyu - ya gudu, kuma kowa ya san shi. Fyodor na mutu Janairu 7, 1598, da barin wani, a zuriyarsu, kuma ya katse Moscow Rurik daular.

Rasha a nuna na 16-17 ƙarni, dandana mai zurfi zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma rikicin siyasa, wanda da gudummawar da ci gaban da fama da doguwar Livonian War oprichnina da Tatar mamayewa. Duk wadannan abubuwan ƙarshe ya jagoranci wani lokaci da matsaloli, da suka fara da yaki domin komai kursiyin.