RNA da DNA. RNA - menene wannan? RNA: tsarin, aiki, jinsin

The sau da muke rayuwa an alama gagarumin canji, a babban ci gaba a lokacin da mutane samun amsoshin tambayoyi sabon. Rayuwa ne hanzari motsi gaba, da kuma cewa ba da dadewa kamar ba zai yiwu, zai fara da za a aiwatar. Yana yiwuwa a yau alama da mãkirci na almarar kimiyya, ma, zai saya da siffofin na gaskiya.

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci binciken a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin zama nucleic acid RNA da DNA cewa sa mutane kusa da unraveling da asirai na halitta.

nucleic acid

Nucleic acid - suna gudanar da mahadi da ciwon high kwayoyin Properties. Yana da aka hada da hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen da phosphorus.

Su aka gano a 1869 by F. Miescher, suka bincika da ruɓaɓɓen jini. Amma sai da ya samu ba hašawa muhimmanci na musamman. Kawai daga baya, a lokacin da wadannan acid da ake samu a duk dabba da shuka Kwayoyin, da fahimtar su babban rawa.

Akwai iri biyu nucleic acids: RNA da DNA (deoxyribonucleic da ribonucleic acid). Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali a kan ribonucleic acid, amma kuma dubi wani na kowa fahimtar abin da ya ƙunshi na DNA.

Mene ne deoxyribonucleic acid?

DNA - nucleic acid kunsha na biyu strands, wanda suna da alaka da doka ta complementarity hydrogen shaidu nitrogenous sansanonin. Long sarƙoƙi juya a cikin wani karkace daga daya nuna ƙunshi kusan goma nucleotides. A diamita na biyu Helix na biyu millimeters, da nisa tsakanin nucleotides - game da rabin nanometer. A tsawon daya kwayoyin wani lokacin kai da dama santimita. DNA na sel mutum tsakiya tsawon kusan mita biyu.

Duk da kwayoyin bayanai kunshe ne a cikin DNA tsarin. Yana yana da DNA kwafi, wanda ke nufin aiwatar da abin da guda kwayoyin samar biyu m - rassa.

Kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, da kewaye kunshi da nucleotides kunsa a nuna na nitrogenous sansanonin (adenine, Bibyun, taimain, kuma saitosin) da kuma phosphorous acid saura. All nucleotides daban-daban nitrogenous sansanonin. Hydrogen bonding ba ya faruwa tsakanin dukkan sansanonin, adenine, misali, za a iya haɗawa kawai tare da taimain ko Bibyun. Saboda haka, adenine nucleotides a cikin jiki kamar yadda thymidylic, da kuma yawan Bibyun daidai cytidylic (Chargaff dokokin). Sai dai itace cewa da jerin daya sarkar jerin predetermines da sauran, kuma sarkar kamar madubi juna. Irin wannan abin kwaikwaya, cikinsa da nucleotides na sarƙa biyu shirya a wani ma'ana da kuma selectively alaka, an kira da manufa na complementarity. Bayan hydrogen mahadi, da biyu Helix da hydrophobic musaya.

A sarƙa biyu da daban-daban kwatance, cewa an shirya a gaban kwatance. Saboda haka treh 'm-karshen audio ne pyati'-terminus na wani sarkar.

Azahiri jigidar halittar DNA da kama wani karkace bene, wanda shine sugar-phosphate kashin bayan handrails, matakai da kuma - karin nitrogen tushe.

Mene ne RNA?

RNA - nucleic acid tare da monomers kira ribonucleotides.

By sinadaran Properties shi ne sosai kama da DNA tun biyu polymers ne nucleotides wakiltar fosfolirovanny N-glycoside m wanda aka gina a kan pentose (biyar-carbon sugar), a phosphate kungiyar biyar carbon zarra kuma wani nitrogen tushe a farko carbon zarra.

Yana wakiltar daya polynucleotide sarkar (sai dai ƙwayoyin cuta), wanda shi ne ya fi guntu fiye da na DNA.

Daya monomer na RNA - ne saurã daga cikin wadannan abubuwa:

• nitrogen tushe.
• biyar-carbon monosaccharide.
• phosphorous acid.

RNAs ne pyrimidine (saitosin, da uracil) da kuma wani purine (adenine, Bibyun) tushe. Ribose ne monosaccharide RNA nucleotide.

Da bambance-bambance na RNA da DNA

Nucleic acid bambanta da juna ta hanyar da wadannan Properties:

• da adadin da shi a cikin cell dogara da physiological jihar, shekaru da kuma sashin jiki kayayyaki.
• DNA ƙunshi deoxyribose carbohydrate, kuma RNA - ribose.
• nitrogenous tushe a cikin DNA - taimain, yayin da RNA - uracil.
• azuzuwan yi daban-daban ayyuka, amma an hada a DNA matrix.
• DNA kunshi wani biyu Helix, kuma RNA - daga rai guda sarkar.
• domin ta uncharacteristic Chargaff dokoki, mukaddashin a cikin DNA.
• RNA ƙara qananan sansanonin.
• sarkar bambanta ƙwarai a tsawon.

Tarihi da binciken

Cell RNA da aka fara gano ta a Masanin daga Jamus, Robert Altman a cikin binciken na yisti Kwayoyin. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin da shi nuna rawar da DNA a itatuwa aure. Kawai sai aka bayyana da iri RNA, ayyuka, da sauransu. 80-90% by nauyi a cikin cell da dama a kan wani p-RNA, forming tare da furotin da kuma ribosome musharaka cikin furotin biosynthesis.

A sittin karni na karshe a karon farko ba da shawara cewa dole ne a can wasu irin cewa daukawa kayyade bayanai don gina jiki kira. Bayan wannan bincike ya gano cewa, akwai irin bayanai ribonucleic acid wakiltar karin kofe na genes. Suna da ake kira manzo RNAs.

A bidiyon dikodi da rubuta bayanai da suka da hannu cikin abin da ake kira acid kai.

Daga baya hanyoyin da aka ɓullo da gane nucleotide jerin da RNA tsarin da aka shigar a cikin sarari acid. Saboda haka, an gano cewa, wasu daga cikinsu, wanda ake kira ribozymes iya manne poliribonukleotidnye sarkar. A sakamakon haka, mun fara yi imani da cewa a wani lokaci a lokacin da rayuwa ta fara a duniya, da kuma aiki RNA ba tare da DNA da kuma sunadarai. Kamar haka duk rikirkida yi tare da ta sa hannu.

A tsarin da ribonucleic acid kwayoyin

Kusan duk na RNA - guda sarkar na polynucleotides cewa ne, bi da bi, ya kunshi monoribonukleotidov - purine da pyrimidine sansanonin.

Nucleotides ne da farko haruffa nuna a fakaice sansanonin:

• adenine (A), A;
• Bibyun (G), G;
• saitosin (C), C;
• uracil (U), W.

Su suna da alaka da juna uku- da pyatifosfodiefirnymi shaidu.

Mai daban-daban yawan nucleotides (daga dama dubun ga dubban) kunshe a cikin tsarin da RNA. Za su iya samar da sakandare tsarin, kunsha da gaske na gajeren dvutsepochnyh strands, wanda aka kafa karin sansanonin.

Structure ribnukleinovoy acid kwayoyin

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da kwayoyin yana da guda-stranded tsarin. RNA sakandare tsarin karɓa da kuma siffar kamar yadda sakamakon da hulda tsakanin wani nucleotide. A polymer wanda monomer ne nucleotide wanda ya kunshi mai sugar saura na phosphorus acid da nitrogen sansanonin. Azahiri kwayoyin kamar daya daga cikin DNA strands. Nucleotides adenine da kuma Bibyun, wani bangare ne na RNA ne purine. Saitosin, da uracil ne pyrimidine sansanonin.

A kira tsari

Don RNA kwayoyin hada, da matrix ne jigidar halittar DNA. Sau da yawa, duk da haka, baya tsari a lokacin da sabon deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin kafa a ribonucleic matrix. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da kwafi na wasu iri ƙwayoyin cuta.

Dalili na biosynthesis iya bauta wa sauran kwayoyin na ribonucleic acid. Its kwafi da ya auku a cikin cell tsakiya, shafe enzymes masu yawa, amma mafi muhimmanci daga wanda yake da wani RNA polymerase.

iri

Dangane da irin RNA, ta ayyuka ne ma daban-daban. Akwai da dama iri:

• Bayani da RNA.
• ribosomal rRNA.
• kai tRNA.
• qananan.
• ribozymes.
• kwayar.

Bayani ribonucleic acid

Wadannan kwayoyin ake kira matrix. Sun yi sama da cell ga game da kashi biyu cikin dari na jimlar. A eukaryotic Kwayoyin, suna hada a tsakiya na DNA iri-iri, sa'an nan wucewa cikin cytoplasm da kuma dauri a ribosomes. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suka zama shaci for gina jiki kira: su tare ne da canja wurin RNA, wanda kawo amino acid. Kamar wancan ne da aiwatar da bayanai hira da aka gane a cikin wani musamman tsarin da gina jiki. A wasu kwayar RNA ne ma wani chromosome.

Yakubu da Mano ne openers wannan irin. Ba da ciwon m tsarin, shi Forms wani mai lankwasa madauki kewaye. Ba ya aiki, da RNA yana folded da birgima a cikin wani ball, da kuma a aiki domin faruwa.

mRNA daukawa bayanai game da jerin amino acid a sunadaran da aka hada. Kowane amino acid da aka shigar wanda ke aiki a wani musamman wuri da taimakon kayyade lambobin, waxanda suke da peculiar:

• Triplet - hudu mononucleotides yiwu a gina sittin da hudu codons (kayyade code).
• neperekreschivaemost - bayanai gudana a daya shugabanci.
• a ci gaba - aiki manufa zo saukar zuwa da cewa daya-RNA - daya gina jiki.
• universality - wannan ko cewa irin amino acid da aka shigar wanda ke aiki a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta m.
• degeneracy - da ashirin amino acid da aka sani, kuma codon - sittin da daya, wato, suna sauya ta mai yawan kwayoyin lambobin.

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Wadannan kwayoyin dokoki da mafi yawan salon salula RNAs, wato, tamanin zuwa casa'in cikin dari na jimlar. Sun hada da sunadaran da ribosomes aka kafa - wannan da wasu gabbansa da yin gina jiki kira.

Ribosomes kunshi sittin da biyar cikin dari na p-RNA da talatin da biyar bisa dari na gina jiki. Wannan polynucleotide sarkar sauƙi bends tare da gina jiki.

A ribosome aka hada amino acid da kuma peptide rabo. Suna located a kan tuntužar saman.

Ribosomes motsa yardar kaina a cikin cell haduwa sunadarai a dama wurare. Su ne ba sosai musamman da kuma za su iya ba kawai karanta bayanai daga mRNA, amma kuma ta samar da wata matrix da su.

Kai ribonucleic acid

tRNA mafi karatu. Sun yi har goma bisa dari na salon salula RNA. Wadannan iri RNA daura akan amino acid da musamman enzyme, kuma suna tsĩrar da ribosomes. A wannan yanayin, amino acid suna hawa da kai kwayoyin. Duk da haka, ta faru da cewa encode amino acid daban-daban codons. Sa'an nan kuma canja wurin su akwai da dama canja wuri RNA.

Yana birgima a cikin wani ball, a lokacin da mai aiki, aiki kuma yana da wani nau'i na cloverleaf.

Yana bambanta da wadannan yankunan:

• Mai karɓar kara da ciwon nucleotide jerin ACC.
• rabo hidima ga abin da aka makala ga ribosome.
• anticodon shigar da amino acid, wanda aka makala ga wannan tRNA.

Ƙananan form ribonucleic acid

Kwanan nan, RNA jinsunan da aka supplemented da wani sabon aji, da ake kira kananan RNAs. Suna iya zama a duniya mai kula da taimaka ko musaki genes a amfrayo ci gaba, da kuma iko da matakai ciki Kwayoyin.

Ribozymes kuma kwanan nan saukar, suna rayayye da hannu, a lokacin da RNAs fermented, kasancewa mai kara kuzari.

Kwayar iri acid

A cutar za a iya hada ko dai ribonucleic acid ko deoxyribonucleic. Saboda haka, tare Game da kwayoyin ake kira RNA-dauke. Lokacin da allura a cikin cell da cutar ya auku baya kwafi - dangane ribonucleic acid, sabon DNA cewa an saka a cikin cell, tabbatar da wanzuwar kuma haifuwa da cutar. A cikin wani akwati, da samuwar RNA karin to samu. Ƙwayoyin cuta sunadaran da harshen damo da haifuwa fada ba tare da DNA ba, amma kawai a kan tushen da bayanai dauke a cikin virus RNA.

kwafi

Domin inganta general fahimtar bukatar la'akari da kwafi tsari, a cikin abin da akwai guda biyu m kwayoyin na nucleic acid. Saboda haka fara cell division.

Ya unshi DNA polymerase, DNA-RNA dogara polymerase da DNA ligase.

A kwafi tsari ya shafi wadannan matakai:

• despiralization - shi ne mai bi da bi unwinding iyaye DNA m dukan kwayoyin.
• hydrogen shaidu suna karya, cikinsa da sarƙoƙi ware da kuma bayyana replicative cokali mai yatsu.
• gyara dNTPs 'yanci zuwa sansanonin iyaye sarkar.
• tsakiyan nonon na pyrophosphate daga dNTPs kwayoyin da kuma samuwar fosfornodiefirnyh dangantakar a kan asusun da makamashi.
• respiralizatsiya.

Bayan samuwar na biyu kwayoyin raba tsakiya, cytoplasm da sauran. Saboda haka, biyu 'yar Kwayoyin suna kafa, cikakken samu duk bayanan jinsi.

Bugu da kari, da shigar wanda ke aiki na farko tsarin sunadarai wanda ake hada a cikin cell. DNA a cikin wannan tsari daukan wani kai tsaye ba part, maimakon kai tsaye, kunsha a gaskiyar cewa da shi ya auku a DNA kira da hannu a cikin samuwar sunadaran, RNA. Wannan tsari shine ake kira kwafi.

kwafi

Kira na duk daya daga cikin kwayoyin na faruwa a lokacin da kwafi, watau sauya rubũtun tamkar kayyade bayanai daga wani takamaiman operon DNA. A tsari ne irin wannan a wasu fannoni rubanya, yayin da wasu bambanta muhimmanci daga gare shi.

Kamance hada da wadannan sassa:

• ne ya fara uncoiling na DNA.
• katsewa na hydrogen shaidu tsakanin sansanonin haihuwarka.
• shi ne karin da daidaita da NTF.
• da samuwar hydrogen shaidu.

Bambance-bambance daga kwafi:

• a lokacin da wani spliced rabo daga DNA kwafi, dace transcriptional, yayin da untwisting shigarsu kwafi dukkan kwayoyin.
• a lokacin da rubuce daidaita NTF dauke da ribose da uracil maimakon taimain.
• Bayani aka rubuta kashe kawai tare da wata qaddara iyaka.
• bayan samuwar hydrogen shaidu da kwayoyin sarkar da aka hada karye, kuma sarkar nunin faifai da DNA.

Ga al'ada aiki na farko tsarin da RNA kamata dauke kawai exons sun soke zama tare da DNA shafukan.

Mun kawai fara aiwatar da maturation na RNA kafa. Silent sassan an yanke, sewn kuma m siffar wani polynucleotide sarkar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kowane irin yana da halayyar canji.

A mRNA auku shiga da farko karshen. By karshen rabo shiga poliadenilat.

A tRNA modified tushe, forming a qananan jinsunan.

A p-RNA da kuma raba methylated sansanonin.

Kare da lalacewa da kuma inganta sufuri da sunadarai a cikin cytoplasm. RNA a cikin balagagge jihar suna da alaka da su.

Meaning of deoxyribonucleic da ribonucleic acid

Nucleic acid ne na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin kwayoyin. Su adana, hawa zuwa cytoplasm kuma gaji da 'yar Kwayoyin bayani a kan sunadaran hada a kowane cell. Su ne ba a duk halittu masu rai, da kwanciyar hankali na wadannan acid yana da muhimmanci ga al'ada aiki na biyu da cell, kuma dukan kwayoyin. Duk wani canje-canje a cikin tsarin zai kai ga salula canje-canje.