Main wurin gina jiki biosynthesis. Matakai na gina jiki biosynthesis

Gina jiki kira - mai da muhimmanci sosai tsari. Shi ya taimaka ga jiki girma da kuma ci gaba. Ya unshi da yawa cell Tsarin. Bayan duk, don fara fahimtar abin da mu ke faruwa haduwa.

Wanne gina jiki wajibi ne a gina a lokacin - shi ne ke da alhakin enzymes. Sun sami sakonni daga Kwayoyin daga cikin larura na mai gina jiki bayan da ta fara kira.

Ina da gina jiki kira

A wani keji babban wuri gina jiki biosynthesis - ribosome. Yana da wani babban macromolecule tare da wani hadadden asymmetrical tsarin. Ya kunshi Manzo RNA (ribonucleic acid) da kuma sunadarai. Ribosomes za a iya located dabam. Amma mafi sau da yawa suna a hade tare da EPS, wanda facilitates m kasawa da sufuri da sunadarai. Idan da endoplasmic reticulum zauna ribosome, shi ne ake kira m EPS. Lokacin da translation auku maida daya matrix iya matsawa da dama ribosomes. Suna faruwa bayan juna da kuma ba ya tsoma baki da sauran wasu gabbansa.

Abin da ya wajaba ga gina jiki kira

Domin cikin shakka daga cikin tsari da shi wajibi ne cewa dukan manyan aka gyara na furotin-rairaya tsarin sun kasance a wuri:

1. A shirin, wanda ya qayyade domin na amino acid sharan a cikin sarkar, wato wani mRNA wanda zai canja wurin wannan bayani daga DNA da ribosomes.
2. Amino acid abu daga wanda ya gina sabon kwayoyin.
3. tRNA, wanda zai cece kowane amino acid da ribosome, zai dauki bangare a cikin deciphering na kwayoyin code.
4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
5. Ribosomes - shi ne babban shafin na gina jiki biosynthesis.
6. Energy.
7. Magnesium ions.
8. Protein dalilai (ga kowane mataki na naka).

Yanzu dubi kowane daga cikinsu, daki-daki da kuma koyi yadda za ka ƙirƙiri da sunadarai. biosynthesis inji ne mai ban sha'awa, duk aka gyara su ne musamman smoothly.

kira shirin, da search matrix

All bayanai game daidai da sunadaran iya gina jikin mu yana kunshe ne a cikin DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid da ake amfani da ajiya na kayyade bayani. An tam cushe a chromosomes da aka located a cikin cell tsakiya (a cikin hali na eukaryotes) ko gudãna, a cikin cytoplasm (a prokaryotes).

Bayan nazarin na DNA da kwayoyin fitarwa na ta rawa, ya bayyana cewa shi ne, ba kawai a template for translation. A lura kai ga jarrabawa cewa furotin kira hade RNA. A masana kimiyya ya yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata ya zama mai shiga tsakani, don canja wurin bayanai daga DNA da ribosomes, ku bauta azaman samfuri.

A lokaci guda, da suka bũɗe da ribosome RNA na girma na salon salula RNA. Don duba ko yana da wani samfuri ga gina jiki kira, AN Belozersky kuma A. S. Spirin a 1956-1957. Mun gudanar da wani kamanta bincike na tsarin na nucleic acid a cikin babban adadin kwayoyin.

Yana da aka zaci cewa idan ra'ayin wani "DNA-rRNA-gina jiki" makirci daidai ne, sa'an nan da abun da ke ciki na jimlar RNA za a canja, kazalika da DNA. Amma duk da bambancin a cikin deoxyribonucleic acid a cikin jinsuna daban, da abun da ke ciki na jimlar ribonucleic acid da aka kama a duk yayi nazari kwayoyin. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa babban salula RNA (ie, ribosomal) - wannan ba wani kai tsaye tsakiya tsakanin m kayyade bayanai da kuma gina jiki.

bude mRNA

Daga baya an gano cewa, a kananan sulusi da murabba'i na RNA maimata da ita na DNA da zai iya bauta wa a matsayin tsaka. A shekarar 1956 ta E. da kuma F. Volkin Astrachan RNA kira da aka yi karatu a kwayoyin cuta, wadda aka kamu da bacteriophage T2. Bayan ta shiga cikin cell, shi ne switched ga kira na phage sunadaran. The girma na RNA da aka ba su canja ba. Duk da haka, da Kwayoyin fara kira na a kananan sulusi da murabba'i na metabolically m RNA, da jerin nucleotides a cikin abin da abun da ke ciki ya kama da phage DNA.

A shekarar 1961, wannan kananan sulusi da murabba'i na RNA ya ware daga cikin jimlar nauyi RNA. Hujja ta Operation aiki da aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen. Bayan kamuwa da cuta da phage T4 Kwayoyin kafa sabon mRNA. Yana danganta da haihuwa rundunar ta ribosomes (da ribosome bayan sabon kamuwa da cuta ne ba gano), wanda ya fara da phage hada sunadaran. Wannan "DNA-RNA kamar" ya karin to daya daga cikin marũruwa na phage DNA.

A shekarar 1961, F. Yakubu kuma J. Monod bayyana ra'ayin cewa wannan RNA daukawa bayanai daga kwayoyin halittu da ribosome, kuma shi ne mai template for da bi da bi tsari na amino acid a lokacin gina jiki kira.

Canja wuri da bayanai zuwa shafin na gina jiki kira da hannu a mRNA. A tsari na karatun bayanai daga DNA da RNA template halittar kira kwafi. RNA bayan an fallasa su da wani yawan ƙarin canje-canje, wannan ne ake kira "aiki". A wasu wuraren da za a iya yanke daga gare shi a lokacin da manzo ya ribonucleic acid. Next mRNA ke zuwa a ribosome.

Tubalin sunadaran gina jiki: amino acid

A total akwai amino acid 20, wasu daga cikinsu suna da muhimmanci, wannan shi ne, jiki ba zai iya haduwa su. Idan wani acid a cikin cell bai isa ba, shi zai iya rage gudu ko watsa shirye-shirye a dundu tsari. A gaban kowane amino acid a isa yawa - da babban ake bukata don yadda ya kamata shige gina jiki biosynthesis.

Janar bayani a kan amino acid, masana kimiyya da a cikin XIX karni. glycine, leucine, da kuma - a lokaci guda, a 1820, na farko da biyu amino acid da aka ware.

A jerin wadannan monomers a cikin furotin (abin da ake kira primary tsarin) gaba daya kayyade wadannan matakan na kungiyar, sabili da haka ta jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

amino acid Transport: tRNA kuma aa-tRNA synthetase

Amma amino acid kadai ba za a iya gina a cikin sarkar sunadari. Domin su don samun babban site na gina jiki kira, RNA bukatar kai.

Kowane aa-tRNA synthetase gane kawai ta amino acid da kuma tRNA kawai abin da ya zama dole don hašawa. Sai dai itace cewa a cikin wannan iyali na enzymes hada da 20 iri na synthetases. Yana kawai ya rage cewa amino acid a haɗe zuwa tRNA zuwa ce, mafi daidai, to ta hydroxyl Mai karɓar "wutsiya". Kowane acid kamata dace ta canja RNA. Wannan ne ya bi da aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Yana ba kawai kwantanta da daidai da amino acid kai, shi ma shirya da samuwar dauki na ester bond.

Bayan nasara da aka makala dauki tRNA ya zama shafin na gina jiki kira. A wannan kawo karshen shiri matakai da kuma watsa shirye-shirye ta fara. Babban matakai na gina jiki biosynthesis:

• qaddamarwa.
• elongation.
• ƙarshe.

kira mataki: qaddamarwa

Ta yaya gina jiki biosynthesis da tsari? Masana kimiyya sun yi kokarin gano na dogon lokaci. Wurare da dama a shiriritar sa a gaba, amma ya zama mafi zamani kayan aiki, da mafi alheri da muke da su fahimci ka'idojin fassara.

Ribosome - babba wurin gina jiki biosynthesis - mRNA farawa karanta daga batu a wadda ta fara rarraba shigar da wani polypeptide sarkar. Wannan batu ne located a nesa daga farkon Manzo RNA. A ribosome dole sami wani batu a kan mRNA daga wanda ya fara karanta, kuma ka haɗa da ita.

Qaddamarwa - a sa na events cewa samar da farkon na watsa shirye-shirye. Ya unshi sunadaran (qaddamarwa dalilai), da kuma na musamman Mafarin tRNA Mafarin codon. A wannan mataki, kananan subunit ribosomal furotin-guda biyu zuwa qaddamarwa. Ba su da damar a tuntube tare da babban subunit. Amma an yarda haɗi zuwa Mafarin tRNA da GTP.

Sa'an nan, wannan hadaddun "zaune" a kan mRNA, shi ne a rabo da cewa an gane da daya daga qaddamarwa dalilai. Kurakurai ba zai iya zama, da ribosome ya fara tafiya a kan Manzo RNA, karanta ta codons.

Da zarar hadaddun zo don qaddamarwa codon (Aug), subunit tsaya a nan ba motsi da kuma tare da taimakon wani daban-daban gina jiki dalilai kisa ga manyan ribosomal subunit.

kira mataki: elongation

Karanta mRNA kira ya shafi bi da bi polypeptide sarkar na gina jiki. Shi ne ta ƙara daya amino acid sharan ne a kan mayẽwa, ga kwayoyin karkashin gini.

Kowane sabon amino acid saura da aka kara wa carboxyl terminus na peptide, da C-terminus aka girma.

kira mataki: ƙarshe

Lokacin da ribosome ya kai wani tasha codon Manzo RNA, da kira na polypeptide sarƙoƙi kare. A gabansa, wani organelle ba zai iya yarda da duk wani tRNA. Maimakon haka, a cikin hanyar karewa dalilai shiga. Su saki ƙãre furotin daga stalled ribosomes.

Bayan ƙarshe na fassara, da ribosome iya ko dai zuwa mRNA, ko ci gaba da zuwa slide tare da shi, ba da watsa shirye- shiryenta.

A taron da ribosome tare da sabon Mafarin codon (a kan wannan rangadi a lokacin ci gaba da motsi, ko a kan sabon mRNA) zai kai ga wani sabon qaddamarwa.

Da zarar ya gama kwayoyin bar babba wurin gina jiki biosynthesis, shi ne alama da kuma aika zuwa ga makõma. Abin da ayyuka shi zai yi, dangane da tsarin.

aiwatar iko

Dangane da bukatun, cikin cell za kansa sarrafa watsa shirye-shirye. A tsari na gina jiki biosynthesis - mai da muhimmanci sosai aiki. Yana za a iya yi a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Idan cell ba ya bukatar wasu irin connection, shi zai dakatar da biosynthesis na RNA - gina jiki biosynthesis ma gushe faruwa. Bayan duk, dukan tsari ba zai fara ba tare da samfuri. Kuma da haihuwa mRNA lalata hanzari.

Akwai wani tsari na gina jiki biosynthesis: cell halitta enzymes cewa tsoma baki tare da ya kwarara daga qaddamarwa lokaci. Su tsoma baki tare da watsa shirye-shirye, ko idan matrix ga karatu ne akwai.

Na biyu Hanyar ake bukata a cikin akwati inda furotin kira don rufe a yanzu. Na farko hanya ya shafi ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye kasãla wasu lokaci bayan ƙarshe na mRNA kira.

A cell ne mai matukar hadaddun tsarin a cikin abin da duk abin da aka sa a kan balance sheet da santsi Gudun daga kowane kwayoyin. Yana da muhimmanci a san da ka'idodinta kowane tsari a cikin cell. Saboda haka zamu iya fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a cikin tsokoki da kuma jiki a matsayin dukan.