Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka a 1959. Sannan Historical facts

"Na gayyace kansa!" - tare da lakabi irin Amurka kafofin watsa labarai Kwafa da ziyararsa ta farko N. S. Hruscheva zuwa Amurka. Kwanan wata fice duniya diflomasiyya, domin ba wanda ko da ba zai iya kwatanta sa'an nan cewa wani abu kamar wannan zai iya faruwa. The United States da Tarayyar Soviet - da lambar daya abokin a lokaci, a shirye don ya hallaka juna tare da makaman nukiya a kowane lokaci. Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka (1959) a takaice za a aka bayyana a cikin daya jumla: daya-mutumin show, a cikin abin da Khrushchev taka muhimmiyar rawa a gaban Amirka masu sauraro. Mun bayyana a cikin labarin cikakken bayani yadda wannan ya faru.

Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet dangantakar a kan Hauwa'u na ziyarar

A zamani mai karatu zai iya ba ko da fahimtar abin da ya fara ziyarar Khrushchev zuwa Amurka. Shekara - 1959, jim kadan kafin cewa, a Ashirin jam'iyyar Congress a 1953, an sanar da cewa inevitability na gaba duniya yaki.

A shekarar 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da wani sabon soja rukunan - da taro yin amfani da makaman nukiliya da kuma makami mai linzami capabilities a cikin yãƙi.

A shekarar 1957, kasar ta samu a duniya na farko intercontinental ballistic harsashi. Event kawai jin tsoro grand ga duniya a general da Amurka musamman: Amirkawa suna zaune a kan wani nahiyar, suna geographically ware daga sauran kasashen duniya, da sojoji, da sojojin ruwa dogara kare su daga duk wani zãlunci, da buga na Pearl Harbor, ta hanyar, karshe an yi, talakawa Amirkawa bayan nasarar a duniya yaki II ne m cewa babu wanda a duniya zai iya daina barazana da tsaro. Na'am, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka da makaman nukiliya da zai iya halaka duniya, amma shi ne a cikin nau'i na babbar bama-bamai tare da yankunan da sakamako na shan kashi. Wadannan bama-bamai har yanzu ake bukata a ceci cikin jirgin sama zuwa Amurka kan iyaka da kuma juji su a can. Ingantaccen American iska tsaro tsarin, wanda yake a kan sojan ruwa da kwasfansu a Amurka kunshi makamai masu linzami, jirgin ruwa, jirgin sama dako, jiragen saman yaki da kuma sauran. Sake nukiliya bam na Amirkawa, kamar ba zai yiwu. Sa'an nan ka zo duk Adadin labarai a jaridu cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet akwai wata babbar roka, iya ko ina a duniya ya buge a zuciya na New York, ya isa a wani unattainable tsawo ga iska tsaro. Sai dai itace cewa an American tsaro garkuwa halitta shekaru masu yawa, ba zai ajiye United States daga tsokana. Jari hujja kasashen shiga cikin wani Jihar tsoro tsoron barazana da "mahaukaci Rasha" - tare da wadannan kalmomi da muka kira na yammacin labaru na lokaci.

Kuma wannan shi ne mai tsanani lokacin da kasashen yammacin duniya wallafa wani rahoton cewa zai faru farko ziyara da sada na Khrushchev zuwa Amurka. Wannan ranar da aka lura a matsayin wani biki, wanda ya ba da bege ga miliyoyin Amirkawa da cewa watakila Rasha da kuma ba kamar yadda "mahaukaci" kamar yadda suka wakilta latsa kafin, da kuma ba zai halakar da West daya nukiliya yajin ballistic makamai masu linzami.

gayyatar

Khrushchev kai ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Amurka ya faru godiya ga bisa gayyatar da shugaban kasar Amurka Eisenhower. Karshe ya san cewa Soviet shugaban sha'awar Yammacin al'adu da kuma tattalin arziki, kamar yadda riga lura da tattalin arziki rata tare da Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet.

A demonization na Tarayyar Soviet, da kafofin watsa labaran yammacin dauki kadan kafin lokacin. Khrushchev a cikin farkon shekaru na mulkinsa kokarin samun tare da jari hujja kasashe, so "lumana rayu tare da su." Duk da haka, da yiwuwar wani sabon duniya yaki, da sakatare janar ne har yanzu ba zai yi jinyar, kamar yadda ya da nisa daga wawa, da kuma tuna da darussa na tarihi, kazalika da ha'inci na Yammacin diflomasiyya.

Dalilin da gayyatar

Shugaba Eisenhower ya so ya warware matsayi na Berlin, a matsayin Soviet shugabannin an daina faruwa ga jure wa da "zama zone" a cikin birnin. Daga cikin Soviet Zone na Jamus halitta sabon jihar - da Jamus Democratic Republic - tare da babban birnin kasar a Berlin. Dawwama a cikin wannan birni, "gaban arzikin masu arziki" mu jagoranci ba ya so ya. A cikin bazara da kuma bazara na shekarar 1959, tattaunawar da aka gudanar ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen a birnin Geneva, amma sun gaza.

Personal gayyatar zuwa Khrushchev ta ziyarar da United States of America aka kawo daga mataimakin ministocin da Tarayyar Soviet Shugaban Frol Kozlov, wanda ya tafi zuwa da bude daga cikin Soviet nuni.

"Na yarda, da farko ban yi ĩmãni ba. Our dangantakar da aka haka ƙunci cewa, bisa gayyatar zuwa ziyara da sada ga shugaban Tarayyar Soviet gwamnati da farko Sakataren da CPSU kwamitin tsakiya ya kafiri! "- Nikita Khrushchev daga baya ya tuna.

A Amirka, latsa kuma ba zai iya yi imani da shi, amma nan da nan akwai cikakken bayani da cewa sanya kome a wuri: Shugaba Eisenhower ya umurci da ma'aikaci na Gwamnatin Amirka (US ma'aikatar harkokin waje) Robertu Merfi wuce Kozlov gayyatar zuwa Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka. Alamomin ziyarar ya zama abin da Tarayyar Soviet Shugabannin kuma sun amince a kan Geneva yarjejeniya a kan gaba matsayi na Berlin a American sharuddan. Duk da haka, Murphy manta ya ambaci game da wannan yanayin, kuma Khrushchev bisa ga abke, ko ga Eisenhower ya yarda da gayyatar.

Idan muka fassara wannan daga diplomasiyya harshen al'ada, sa'an nan muka samu da wadannan: Amirkawa bukatar adana su a yankin Berlin, amma a Geneva, mu jami'an diplomasiya sun ƙi dukan su bada shawarwari. Bayan haka, ya yi kokarin gabatar da Amurka shugaban Khrushchev, ostensibly yin wani karimcin ga Sakatare Janar, sunã kira shi zuwa ziyara da sada. A cikin mahallin da mai zuwa Cold War, irin wannan gayyata kamata a yi watsi da, amma duk da haka wasu sallama ya kamata faruwa. Duk da haka, Khrushchev ne unpredictable da kuma expressiveness biyu a cikin gida da manufofin da kasashen waje. Ya yarda da gayyatar da kalmomi: "To, sa'an nan zan zauna a can a mako ko biyu." Eisenhower da zabi amma don yarda da ita.

Yadda za a tabbatar da tsaro?

Khrushchev ya mai zuwa ziyara a Amurka juya a kira su da wani real ciwon kai ga Soviet asirin 'yan sanda. Sun kasance iya tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar manyan jami'an a sada kasashen a cikin Union. Amma abin da ya yi a wani maƙiya kasar, inda wani rariya iya zama wani hatsari wuri? Ba su sani ba shi, domin babu dacewa kwarewa.

Wasu mambobin na Soviet tawagar da za in tambayi cikin Amirkawa da suka sa har a trellis m American sojoji a kan hanya Khrushchev daga soja Airfield a cikin majalisa ta zauna wurin zama.

Wasu a'a domin wannan awo ba kawar da yunkurin, idan Yammacin yan siyasa yanke shawara su kashe shugaban Tarayyar Soviet. A karshen su yanke shawarar cewa wajibi ne a amince da kariya na Amurka hukumomin leken asiri, kuma ya yi imani da tabbacin tsaro da manufofin.

Yadda za a samu ga Amurka?

An yanzu tashi daga wata qasa zuwa wata yana dauke sananne, kuma shekaru hamsin da suka wuce babu irin wannan jirgin sama a kasar, wanda za su iya yi ba tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI jirgin daga Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma shi ya wajaba a cikin abin da ya nuna da West cewa kasar mu yana da fasahar ta zamani. Saboda haka muka yanke shawarar samun da TU-114 da jirgin sama - kawai a lokacin da model ne m yi nonstop jirgin na kasar mu, a Birnin Washington. Matsalar shi ne cewa tsarin da aka ba tukuna cikakken aka jarraba, don haka babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da aminci da farko na mutanen jihar, fãce mutum daya - da zanen Andrey kirar Tupolev model. Ya tabbatar da AMINCI na jirgin sama, da kuma matsayin shaida na da maganarsa da shawarar cewa 'yan ƙungiya daga kansa, ɗan Alexei. A zabi aka sanya a cikin ni'imar da Tu-114.

Me Khrushchev amince a kan tafiya?

Domin duk abin da dalili, ya dauki Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka? Me ya sa Soviet shugaban amince a kan tafiya? A gaskiya ma, Khrushchev ya m cikin abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin gurguzu tsarin da kuma imani da cewa tarihi nasara a kan jari-hujja a offing. Riga jihar rukunan aka ɓullo, bisa ga abin "akwai zo kwaminisanci a wannan zamani." Kwalayen na sananne m da "aljanna" ko da hollowed fita a kan duwatsu da kuma Monuments. Amma kamar yadda ko da yaushe, wannan rukunan bai zo gaskiya, kuma duk da inscriptions sharewa da sauri a cikin eighties na karshe karni. Duk da haka, yayin da shi ba tukuna aka sani, kuma Soviet shugaban so ganin "decadent West" tare da nasa idanu.

Sakatare Janar kamar yadda wani ɗan leƙen asiri?

Wasu sukan yi imani da cewa Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka ya zuwa "peep" for gasar tsarin, kamar yadda lamirinsu ya bayyana cewa West technologically gaba da mu farawa. Gabashin Turai san shi riga mai ɗari bisa dari, kuma a shekara ta 1956 akwai wani boren a Hungary da mulkin gurguzu. Magoya bayan na "ra'ayin plagiarism" kamar yadda muhawara haifar da Khrushchev aka ba biya da hankali ga ba firtsi, wanda ya nuna Yammacin yan siyasa, da kuma kokarin "leke" wani abu "asiri" domin ya yi tunani cewa abubuwa nuna Amirkawa ba su da musamman sha'awa. Saboda haka, mu shugaba "wormed asirin" hamburger, hotdog, sabis kai sabis, cell ajiya a filin jirgin sama da kuma a tashar jirgin kasa da masara.

Duk wannan ya zo daga baya, kuma a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Hamburger da zafi kare for akida dalilai, aka sake masa suna da "aladu da bargo" da "sara a cikin gwajin," da kuma Soviet mutane sun tabbatar da cewa mun ƙirƙira shi ne. Kuma masara ne mu shugaba karshe "soyayya", tunani cewa a karshe samu da El Dorado, asirin nasarar da jari hujja duniya a wata gona a Iowa. Wannan "masara Story" a lokacin tafiya halitta mai labari cewa akwai Khrushchev wai yanke shawarar a kan gwajinsa da wannan al'ada. A gaskiya ma, game da taro noma yakin namo masara ya yi magana kafin tafiya. Khrushchev kansa son kira "corncob" tun kafin ya nada zuwa mafi girman matsayi na shugabanci a kasar da kuma sau da yawa yana kawo daban-daban ayyukan na taro gabatarwar wannan al'ada. Dalilin wannan "soyayya" to wannan kayan lambu shi ne cewa a shekarar 1949 ya kuɓutar da masara Ukrainian Soviet Jamhuriyar daga gaba "yunwa" a lokacin da Khrushchev ya a post na Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar a kasar. A wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Soviet har yanzu yana da yunwa saboda amfanin gona gazawar da kuma rashin reserves. Duk da haka, Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka a shekarar 1959 tabbatacce kafe a cikin bangaskiya da cewa wannan al'ada ne mai gaggawa bukatar gabatar a Tarayyar Soviet. Daga baya, mu da aikin noma ya biya dearly ga gwaje-gwajen da wannan kayan lambu, da kuma Soviet mutane la'ani Sakatare Janar a kitchen, munching masara burodi maimakon alkama. Fair a ce yau da Rasha Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona amince da gwaje-gwajen da Nikita Khrushchev a kan gabatarwar masara a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki, kamar yadda qara yawan aiki na naman sa da kiwo shanu. Amma ya kuma yarda cewa "ba lallai ba ne, ba shakka, a duk faɗin ƙasar shuka masara."

Na farko mamaki

Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka da ya faru a 1959 da kuma aka tare da wani iri-iri na curiosities. Wani lokaci yana itace cewa Soviet shugaban, da kuma a lokaci guda kokarin ganewar asĩri a cikin, West, kuma a lokaci guda ya nuna masa su al'adu magabaci, ya dora kansa a wani mizani.

A factory, IBM ne mu shugaba zauna sha'aninsu dabam zuwa samfurin, dukan bayyanar nuna cewa, mu ma, duk abin da yake akwai. Ka tuna cewa a shekara ta 1959 akwai na farko a duniya na kwakwalwa a kan transistor babban matakin AMINCI da yi da cewa Amurka Air Force samu shi zai yiwu za a yi amfani da ko da a farkon gargadi iska tsaro tsarin. Khrushchev ba musamman burge, kamar yadda da aikin ba da a kan kyautata kwakwalwa da aka gudanar a kasar, da kuma "corncob" fahimci neman sauyi bidi'a saboda rashin na farko ilmi a cikin wannan yanki. Wannan shi ne, wannan sabuwar dabara ya yarda IBM ya zama shugaban duniya a kwamfuta fasaha.

Amma Khrushchev ya samu sha'awar wani firtsi - kai-da sabis a cikin cin abinci dakin. Hakika, da Sakatare Janar na bai son ya nuna mamaki da kuma kullum jãyayya da cewa "a cikin Tarayyar Soviet mafi alhẽri." Duk da haka, da yawa gane cewa Khrushchev yiwa.

a Hollywood

Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka a shekarar 1959 da kuma alama ya dawo a Hollywood. Film kamfanin "karni na ashirin Fox" shirya a daraja na shugaban na mu m abincin rana domin mutane 400. Tashin hankali ne irin wannan cewa ya aka gayyace kawai celebrities ba tare da na biyu halves, a matsayin zabi ga waɗanda ba su da isasshen.

Hollywood a lokacin da aka ji rauni "mayya farauta" - yaki da farfaganda na gurguzu a Amurka, don haka da yawa bako kẽwayẽwa da tashin hankali. . Duk da haka, kusan duk sanannun yan wasan kwaikwayo, gudanarwa, 'yan siyasa, playwrights da sauransu dauki bangare a cikin abincin rana: Bob Houp, Francis Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Dzhon Kennedi , da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Wasu, kamar Bing Crosby da Ronald Reagan, a matsayin alamar rashin amincewa da gurguzu gwamnatin fãsi? Ƙaryata gayyatar. Wasu kawai tsõron su ƙaddara, kuma bai je taron, da su ya riga a Hukumar Binciken a kan Un-American Ayyukan. Daga cikin wadannan mutane da aka yi, sanannen marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, Arthur Miller, amma matarsa, Marilyn Monroe aka musamman wakilta Soviet shugabannin.

Khrushchev a kan fim

Bayan abincin rana baƙi sun yanke shawarar nuna harbi na film "cancan". Da shirya yi da gangan zaba musamman piquant gutsure gaba fina-finan. M music gudu dancer, kuma ya fara rawa m, sosai dagawa skirts. Daga baya, da 'yan jarida bai miss da damar tambayi Soviet shugaban cewa ya aka tunanin irin al'amuran. Wannan salo ne mu shugaba kira "batsa", kuma ya yi zargin bai gyara su da hankali a kan su. Duk da haka, da harbi da 'yan jarida da zuwa akasin haka.

A wata ganawa da kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin, Khrushchev ya yi bayyana fushinsa a gaskiya cewa "gaskiya actress" kamata "ya dauke sama da skirt" a cikin ni'imar "m jama'a." Kuma a sa'an nan mu shugaban bai hana ta damar jaddada cewa, "muna bukatar irin wannan" 'yancin "ba lallai ba ne" kuma mu "fi son tunani da yardar kaina", kuma ba "duba your ass." Duk da haka, a wannan Soviet shugaban ya kasance ba gamsu: ya fara parody rawa daga cikin fim, fallasa ta ass a jama'a. A kalla, don haka shi aka rubuta ta hanyar daya daga cikin American 'yan jarida - Sol Bellou, wanda ya rufe Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka. Shekara domin shi ya gaske tunawa, kuma sau da yawa yake yi tunani game da waɗannan abubuwan zasu faru cikin rayuwarsu.

Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka: taron tare da kwadago

A real cizon yatsa ga mu shugaba saduwa da kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin a Amurka. Ya nuna cewa mata, ya zai sadu da sãshensu waliyyai ne a yaki da jari hujja duniya. Dukan mutane, amma kawai "m ma'aikata" Dole ne ki jinin "da zãlunci, kuma enslavers." Amma da yake ba daidai ba: shugaba daga cikin mafi girma da kungiyoyin kwadago Uolter Rayter soki dukan gurguzu tsarin da Tarayyar Soviet. Khrushchev kokarin fend kashe da kuma zarge shi da "cin amana da aiki ajin", amma a fuskar Reiter ya ce Nikita Sergeyevich cewa ya ba fada domin gurguzanci a kasar, da kuma hidima kawai don inganta aiki rayuwa.

Daga baya, a lokacin da ya gan Reiter samun kudin shiga Khrushchev ambatonsu da cewa arzikin masu arziki bribed duk kungiyar kwadago shugabannin a Amurka.

"Matattu matattu cat"

A general, Khrushchev ya kai ziyara a Amurka (a 1959) aka tare da m ayyukan tsokanar, irony, sarcasm a kan wani ɓangare na American jama'a. A mafi m tambayoyi su ne don mu shugaba, wadanda cewa ya shafa da Hungarian tawaye. Wadannan ya bayyana "matattu matattu cat", alluding ga cewa wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun dade a baya, amma 'yan jarida har yanzu tãyar da wannan topic.

biyu tafiya

Khrushchev kai ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Amurka - da kwanan wata, ba shakka, abin tunawa, amma shi ya ba da kawai shugaban na mu tafiya zuwa "akida makiyansa". Zai ze, bayan da cewa mu shugaban ya sha wahala a Amurka a 1959, abu ne mai wuya in je can sake. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1960, ya yi magana a 15th babban taron Majalisar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York in da ya soki jari hujja fadada a cikin Afrika ta Yamma. A da shi, ya yi alkawari ya nuna wa duniya "gruel." Firgita Amurkawa fassara kalmar "Za mu rufe muku," da kuma Soviet shugaban a gaban yammacin duniya ya zama rashin ga fir'auna, a shirye don ya hallaka duniya. Bayan haka, daya more shirya ziyara da sada na Khrushchev zuwa Amurka (1961) bai dauki wuri, da kuma kari "gruel" ya zo domin a nuna wani thermonuclear "Tsar-bam" cewa Tarayyar Soviet samu bayan da babban taron Majalisar.