Samar da Kwayoyin tare da makamashi. kafofin samar da makamashi

Daga cikin sel duk masu rai, fãce ƙwayoyin cuta. Su samar da duk abin da wajibi ne a rayuwa matakai na shuka ko dabba. Cell kuma iya kanta zama mai raba jiki. Da kuma yadda zai iya wani hadadden tsarin rayuwa ba tare da samar da makamashi? Hakika ba. To yaya za ka tabbatar akwai cell makamashi? Ya dogara ne a kan matakai da za a tattauna a kasa.

Samar da Kwayoyin makamashi: yadda yake faruwa?

'Yan Kwayoyin samun su samar da makamashi daga waje, suka samar da shi da kansu. Eukaryotic Kwayoyin suna da wani irin "tashoshin". Kuma tushen samar da makamashi a cikin cell ne mitochondria - wasu gabbansa da suke da shi ya haifar. Shi ne da aiwatar da cell numfasawa. Saboda shi, kuma a can ne tabbatarwa daga cikin sel tare da makamashi. Duk da haka, su ne ba kawai a cikin shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da fungi. A Kwayoyin rasa mitochondria kwayoyin. Saboda haka, dole su tabbatar da cell makamashi ne yafi saboda da aiwatar da fermentation, kuma ba numfashi.

A tsarin da mitochondria

Yana dvumembranny organelle, wanda ya bayyana a cikin wani eukaryotic cell a cikin tsarin juyin halitta a sakamakon sha na ta finer prokaryotic Kwayoyin. Wannan na iya bayyana da cewa a cikin mitochondria gabatar da kansa DNA da RNA kazalika mitochondrial ribosomes da cewa samar da ake so sunadaran da wasu gabbansa.

A ciki membrane yana protuberances, wanda ake kira da crista ko ridges. Christie da kuma aiwatar da cell numfasawa.

Mene ne a ciki da biyu membranes, ya kira wani matrix. Yana shirya sunadarai, enzymes da ake bukata don gaggauta sinadaran halayen, kazalika da RNA kwayoyin DNA da ribosomes.

Salula numfasawa - tushen rayuwa

Yana faruwa a matakai uku. Bari mu dubi kowane daga cikin wadannan a more daki-daki.

A mataki na farko - fage

A wannan mataki, hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi suna karye cikin sauki. Saboda haka, da sunadaran decompose ga amino acid, fats - to carboxylic acid da kuma glycerol, nucleic acid - to nucleotides, kuma carbohydrates - to glucose.

glycolysis

Yana anoxic mataki. Yana ta'allaka ne da cewa abu samu a lokaci na farko, an rushe kara. Babban kafofin samar da makamashi amfani da wayar a wannan mataki - da glucose kwayoyin. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne a aiwatar da glycolysis decomposes zuwa biyu kwayoyin na pyruvate. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da goma a jere sinadaran halayen. Saboda na farko biyar, glucose ne phosphorylated, sa'an nan ta tsãge a cikin biyu phosphotriose. A cikin wadannan biyar halayen samar biyu kwayoyin na ATP (adenosine triphosphate) da kuma biyu kwayoyin na STC (pyruvic acid). Energy Kwayoyin da aka adana a cikin nau'i na ATP.

A dukan tsari na glycolysis za a iya Sauki su nuna kamar haka:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2h ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ → 2h ₂ Ya + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ Ya ₃ + 2ATF

Saboda haka, ta amfani da daya kwayoyin na glucose, biyu kwayoyin na ADP da biyu phosphoric acid, da cell na'am biyu kwayoyin na ATP (makamashi) da kuma biyu kwayoyin na pyruvic acid, wanda shi zai yi amfani da mataki na gaba.

The uku mataki - hadawan abu da iskar shaka

Wannan mataki ya auku ne kawai a gaban oxygen. Chemical halayen da faruwa a wannan mataki na mitochondria. Wannan ne babban ɓangare na salon salula numfasawa, a lokacin da fito da mafi makamashi. A wannan mataki, pyruvic acid, reacts tare da oxygen, shi ne cleaved zuwa ruwa da carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne kafa 36 ATP kwayoyin. Saboda haka, za mu iya kammala da cewa, babban kafofin samar da makamashi a Kwayoyin - glucose da kuma pyruvic acid.

Rungumar da sinadaran dauki, da kuma omitting da cikakken bayani, za mu iya bayyana dukan tsari na cell numfasawa daya Saukake lissafi:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Saboda haka, a lokacin numfashi daga daya glucose kwayoyin shida oxygen kwayoyin talatin da takwas kwayoyin na ADP kuma wannan adadin na phosphoric acid cell na'am 38 ATP kwayoyin, kuma a cikinta a cikin nau'i na adana makamashi.

A bambancin da mitochondrial enzymes

A samar da makamashi ga rai na cell na'am saboda numfasawa - hadawan abu da iskar shaka na glucose, sa'an nan pyruvic acid. Dukkan wadannan sinadaran halayen iya ba kai wuri ba tare da enzymes - nazarin halittu catalysts. Bari mu dubi wadanda cewa an samu a cikin mitochondria - wasu gabbansa alhakin salula numfasawa. Dukan su suna kira oxidoreductases saboda bukatar hadawan abu da iskar shaka-raguwa halayen.

All oxidoreductases za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu:

• oxidase.
• dehydrogenase.

Dehydrogenase, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi aerobic da anaerobic. Aerobic dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki coenzyme riboflavin cewa jiki samun daga bitamin B2. Aerobic dehydrogenase sun dauki kwayoyin kamar yadda coenzymes nad da NADP.

Oxidases ne mafi bambancin. Da farko, sun kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• wadanda dauke da jan karfe.
• waɗanda a cikin abin da wani ɓangare na baƙin ƙarfe ne ba.

Tsohon hada polyphenol, ascorbate, to na biyu - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. A karshen, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi hudu kungiyoyin:

• cytochromes wani.
• cytochrome b.
• cytochrome c.
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes kuma dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - sauya zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Shin akwai sauran hanyoyin da za a samar da makamashi?

Duk da cewa mafiya yawa daga Kwayoyin sami shi a sakamakon salon salula numfasawa, akwai kuma anaerobic kwayoyin wanzu cewa ba su bukatar oxygen. Su samar da zama dole makamashi da fermentation. Wannan shi ne wani tsari a lokacin da carbohydrates suna karye by enzymes ba tare da sa hannu na oxygen, inda wani cell da obtains makamashi. Akwai da dama iri na fermentation, dangane da karshe samfurin na sinadaran halayen. Shi ne lactic acid, barasa, butyric acid, acetone, butane, citric acid.

Alal misali, ka yi la'akari da giya fermentation. Nan za ka iya bayyana wannan lissafi:

C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2Kor ₂

Wancan ne, daya kwayoyin na glucose karya bacteria daya kwayoyin na ethanol da biyu kwayoyin na (IV) carbon monoxide.