Shari'ar spikelets (Littãfin "7-8"). Artificial yunwa a Tarayyar Soviet, da wadanda ke fama da Holodomor

Hakikanta mugunta da kuma jini Soviet gwamnatin, masu sharhi sun yi amfani da matsayin shaida ga dokar "a kan uku spikelets". Kamar yadda wasu marubuta, wannan tsari da aka kai tsaye da nufin rushe na peasantry. Duk da haka, a cikin aikin bincike da kuma samun daban-daban hangen zaman gaba a halin da ake ciki.

sentences Features

A cikin shekaru na Stalinist danniya yi RSFSR Criminal Code. Yana tabbatar da daban-daban fanarite for daban-daban laifuka. Alhakin sata halin yanzu da aka quite kananan, za ka iya ma ce cewa m. Alal misali, don sata da dukiya ba tare da yin amfani da fasaha wajen da kuma ba tare da sun haɗu da wasu mutane a karon farko envisaged aikin gandu ko kurkuku har zuwa watanni 3. Idan harka ta jajirce akai-akai ko batun zagi ne ri dukiya, wanda ake bukata domin wanda aka azabtar, azãba amfani da su a gidan yari na tsawon har zuwa watanni shida. Domin maimaita sata ko bukata da yin amfani da fasaha wajen kazalika da irin yadda kafin yarjejeniyar da aka kamata su kurkuku har zuwa wata shekara. A wannan azãba barazanar batu sata aikata ba tare da ya ce yanayin a kan wharves, Railway tashoshin, hotels, daga jirgi da jiragen kasa. Domin sata daga jama'a ko gwamnatin sito, wani mangaza yin amfani da fasaha wajen ko a sun haɗu da wasu mutane nada ko akai-akai aikin gandu har zuwa shekara daya ko a gidan yari na 2 har zuwa lita. A irin wannan jumla yi nufi ga batutuwa ba tare da aikata yi kayyade yanayi idan suna da wani musamman hanya zuwa ga abubuwa ko kare su, da kuma a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, wuta ko wasu bala'i. Domin musamman manyan sata na jama'a / jihar warehouses da kuma ajiya wurare, kazalika da wani musamman m, a gare su, ta amfani da fasaha wajen ko a sun haɗu da sauran masu laifin da aka kamata su 5 shekara a kurkuku. Kamar yadda ka gani, da azãba ita taushi isa, ko da akwai tsanani yanayi. Hakika, wadannan takunkumi ba su daina intruders. Matsalar da aka fuskanta ita da cewa wani sabon nau'in dukiya ne sakamakon collectivization - jama'a. A gaskiya, shi ya kasance ba tare da wani doka kariya.

umurninMu 7-8

A kasar, akwai wani matsala da sata. I. V. Stalin a cikin wata wasika zuwa Kaganovich jãyayya da bukatar amincewa da sabon tsari. A takaice, ya rubuta cewa a cikin 'yan lokutan sun zama ma m sata na dukiya a kan jirgin kasa / dogo. A lalacewar da aka kiyasta a da miliyoyin rubles. A lokuta da sata na kolkhoz kuma m dukiya. Sata, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar wasika, ta shirya yawanci ƙulli da sauran abubuwa da suka nemi a sassauta jihar tsarin. Bisa ga Criminal Code, wadannan batutuwa aka dauke a matsayin talakawa barayi, samu 2-3 shekaru "m" kurkuku. A yi bayan 6-8 watanni. suka amnestied amince. I. V. Stalin ishãra zuwa da bukatar tsaurara alhaki. Ya ce cewa kara indulgence zai iya haifar da sosai tsanani sakamakon. A sakamakon haka shi da wani hukuncin na CEC da SNK a kan Agusta 7, 1932 The fanarite for sata muhimmanci tightened. Bisa ga normative yi, domin sata da kolkhoz kuma m dukiya bayar don har zuwa shekaru 10 a kurkuku a gaban mitigating yanayi. Idan karshen kasance mãsu fakowa ba, wajabta babban birnin kasar azãba. Domin irin wannan sata aka kamata a harbe tare da kwata. Da bukatar buga da normative yi ya haddasa rashin zaman lafiya a jihar. Mutane da yawa, m ga kudi, kokarin ta kowane hali yi amfani da halin da ake ciki da kuma yin mafi samu.

fikihu

Ya kamata a lura cewa dokokin "game da uku spikelets" (kamar yadda aka kira da mutane) ya fara da za a yi amfani da quite fanatically hukumomi. Tun lokacin da yabo ga Janairu 1, 1933 da aka yankewa hukuncin:

1. Don mutuwa - 3.5%.
2. Domin shekaru 10 - 60,3%.
3. Kadan azãba mai tsanani samu 36,2%.

Duk da haka, dole ne a ce cewa ba duk sentences zuwa mutuwa aka kashe a cikin tarayyar Soviet. 1932 ya zuwa wasu har wata fitina lokaci na yin amfani da sabon tsari. Janar hukumomin da aka sanya 2686 sentences zuwa mutuwa. A manyan yawan yanke shawara ya mikakke kai kotunan (812), da kuma soja kotunan (208). Duk da haka, RSFSR Koli Soviet aka bita kusan rabin na sentences. CEC Presidium bayar mafi acquittals. Kamar yadda rikodi Krylenko, jama'ar kasar Commissar shari'a, jimlar yawan mutanen da hukuncin kisa bai wuce 1,000.

lokuta

Akwai quite mai ma'ana tambaya: me ya sa Kotun Koli fara bitar yanke shawara na ƙananan kotuna? Wannan ya faru saboda karshen, da ake ji da dokar na "uku spikelets", ji wani lokacin da batu na Wauta. Alal misali, azãba mai tsanani da aka sanya uku manoma aka halin da la'anta a matsayin dunkulallen hannu, da kuma ƙaddamar da su takardun shaida - kamar yadda tsakiyar manoma. Suka daure saboda ya ɗauki jirgin, wanda yake zuwa gona, da kuma tafi kama kifi. Mai tsananin jumla aka kafa kamar yadda dukan iyali. Mutane wadai ga abin da suka kasance sunã kama kifi a cikin kogin da ya bi kusa da na gama gona. Wani m shawarar da aka sanya game da saurayin. Ya "dabbled tare da 'yan mata a cikin sito, game da shi, haddasa tashin hankali alade mallakar gona." Tun lokacin da na gama dukiya ya Hurumi, kuma tsarki, da alkali yanke hukuncin daurin saurayin zuwa shekaru 10 a kurkuku "domin wahala." Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ƙasida Wyszynski - sanannen mai gabatar da kara na lokaci - duk wadannan lokuta da aka dauke da mahukunta a matsayin ƙeta na jama'a arziki, amma a gaskiya wadanda ba. A lokaci guda, marubucin ƙara da cewa irin wannan mafita aka kullum soke, da kuma mahukunta da kansu suna cire daga mukaminsu. Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka gani da Wyszynski, duk wannan ne, haƙĩƙa, halin da kasa matakin na fahimtar, iyaka sãsanni da mutane iya yin irin wannan hukunci.

misalai na mafita

Tallyman daya daga cikin gonaki domin sakaci da aikin noma, da aiwatarwa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin m ya bar shi a bude iska, an kaddamarda 10 kurkuku. A wannan yanayin, kotu ta ba da aka kafa ko ka samu Instruments m ko cikakken amfaninsa. Volovschik daya daga cikin gonaki to bari da bijimai fita a lokacin tsaftacewa. Daya dabba ya slipped, kuma ya ya kafa. By domin na kwamitin wani sa da aka yanka. Mutane kotun yanke hukuncin daurin volovschika zuwa shekaru 10 a kurkuku. Daya daga cikin ministocin ma ya zo karkashin dokar "uku spikelets". Hawa hasumiyar don cire dusar ƙanƙara daga gare ta, sai ya sãmi wata masara a kan 2 bags. Wannan Ministan nan da nan ya sanar da kauyen majalisa. Don gwada mutane da aka aika zuwa samu da uku buhu na masara. A kasar da aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10. Shugaban barns aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru goma ga abin da ya yi zargin nauyi ba daidai ba mutane. A duba gano a cikin daya daga cikin repositories 375 kg wuce haddi hatsi. A aikace-aikace kafin Mutane kotun ba su yi la'akari da maganar da shugaban da tabbaci na sauran rami. A tuhuma jãyayya da cewa sabõda zãluncin da bayanin kalamai a cikin wani daban-daban mangaza dole ne rashin ƙwãya a cikin wannan adadin. Bayan da jumla aka tabbatar da shugaban da sanarwa. Daya daga cikin manoman aka yanke masa hukumcin 2 shekaru a gidan yari ga abin da ya samu a cikin dabino daga dintsi na hatsi da kuma ci shi saboda ina so in yi, kuma a ciyar a, iya aiki. Duk wadannan hujjoji iya zama a matsayin shaida na rashin tausayi na nan tsarin mulki. Duk da haka, ba bisa doka ba da kuma Karkataccen sentences ake inherently soke kusan nan da nan bayan tallafi.

gwamnati da dokokinta

Sentences "ga kunnuwa" wata alama ce ta arbitrariness da kuma aika mugunta. A jihar bukaci cewa gaskiya ma'aikata ba da damar yin amfani normative yi a lokacin da shi zai sa ya raunana. A musamman, dokar "game da uku spikelets" ba za a iya amfani da a burglaries a musamman kananan girma ko da wuya sosai kudi halin da ake ciki mãsu laifi. Local shari'a ma'aikatan kasance musamman unskilled. Tare da matsanancin kishin shi ya kai ga m "ta'addi." Duk da haka, a jihar matakin ya da wani aiki gwagwarmaya da su. A musamman, da umurnin mutane da ake bukata don aikawa zuwa qananan laifuffuka Art. 162 na kundin Code na RSFSR, samar don ƙarin m azãba. Higher hukuma ishãra zuwa da bukatar su runtse da dama ga cancantar yi. Bugu da kari, shi ya ce game da maras amfani da m kayan abinci ga sauƙi takunkumi a mai tsanani rayuwa matsayi.

A yunwa a Tarayyar Soviet a 1932-1933

A halin da ake ciki a kasar da aka musamman wuya. Wuri lura a cikin RSFSR, da Byelorussian SSR, a Arewa Caucasus, da Volga yankin, da Kudancin Urals, Western Siberia, Arewa Kazakhstan. A Tarayyar Soviet a hukuma kafofin nuni da sunan "yunwa." A Ukraine, a 2006 Verkhovna Rada, ya aka gane a matsayin wani aiki na kisan kare dangi. Shiryar da tsohon Jamhuriyar Soviet gwamnatin da ake zargi da premeditated wargajewa na yawan jama'a. A kafofin nuna cewa wannan "wucin gadi yunwa" ya sa a wata babbar Multi-miliyan shafa. Daga baya, bayan rushewar, halin da ake ciki ne yadu ta rufe kafofin watsa labarai da kuma daban-daban na aikin takardun. Holodomor an ɗauke da yawa manyan jami'an daya daga cikin manifestations na m siyasa na Soviet iko. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka ce a sama, da wuri, da ya faru a sauran jamhuriyoyin, ciki har da RSFSR.

hatsi reserves

Bisa ga nazari da likita na tarihi sciences Kondrashin, da yunwa a Tarayyar Soviet a 1932-1933 ne sakamakon ba da duniya collectivization. A wasu yankuna, misali, a cikin Volga yankin, da halin da ake ciki aka sa ta tilasta hatsi procurements. Wannan ra'ayi ne corroborated da dama da shaidu daga waɗanda events. Yunwa tashi daga gaskiya cewa tattara hatsi manoma ya dauke. Karkara karfi sha wahala daga collectivization da dispossession. A Volga yankin Hukumar hatsi samuwa a karkashin jagorancin sakataren na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis Postysheva bayar a yanke shawara a kan karbo daga hannun jari daga mutum manoma, manoma da kuma hatsi manoman sanã'anta. Karkashin zafi na laifi fanarite shugabannin, shugabannin gwamnatocin da aka tilasta canza wurin zuwa jihar kusan dukan amfanin gona. Duk wannan hana yanki na abinci hannun jari cewa jawo yunwa. A wannan matakan da aka dauka Kaganovich da Molotov. Su yanke shawara game da yankuna na Arewa Caucasus da kuma Ukraine. A sakamakon haka, kasar ta fara wani taro mutuwar mutane. A daidai wannan lokaci, dole ne a ce cewa a kan hatsi samuwa shirin 1932 da kuma adadin zahiri girbe hatsi sun muhimmanci ƙananan fiye da a baya da kuma m shekaru. Total hatsi rabu daga kauyuka a duk tashoshin (kasuwanni, sayayya, preform) ya ragu da 20%. A girma daga fitarwa fadi daga 5.2 ton miliyan a shekarar 1931 zuwa 1,73 a 1932. A shekara, ya kara rage - to 1,68 ton miliyan. Domin babban hatsi-samar da yankuna (Arewa. Caucasus da kuma Ukraine) Ƙa'idodi a kan yawan billets rage akai-akai. Alal misali, a cikin Ukraine lissafta kwata wofi hatsi, yayin da a 1930 ya 35% girma. A cewar Zhuravlev, da yunwa, da aka jawo da kaifi fall a da ake samu a sakamakon collectivization.

Sakamako na aikace-aikace na tsari

A bayanin kula mataimakin shugaban OGPU da Prokofiev Head of tattalin arziki Ma'aikatar OGPU Mironov zuwa Stalin ya bayyana cewa, sun kamu da sata, ya bayyana makonni biyu, musamman da hankali da aka kõma zuwa ga manyan laifuka da ya faru a Rostov-on-Don. Sata bazu ko'ina cikin tsarin, da gida burodi. Thefts sun Mills a shuka, biyu Bakeries, 33 shagunan, wanda gudanar da sayar da kayayyakin zuwa cikin jama'a. A sakamakon da La'latar da gwaje-gwaje an samu fiye da 6 dubu fam burodi, 1 000 -. Sugar, 500 -. Bran, da dai sauransu Irin wannan hargitsi ya faru saboda wani rashin bayyana rahoto da kuma iko, da kuma ma saboda laifi babu abotaka ma'aikata. Aiki dubawa, wanda aka haɗe da cinikayya cibiyar sadarwa, da manufar ba za shi barata. A dukkan lokuta, sufetocin amsa kamar yadda raka su da aikata laifin, a saka su sa hannu a kan san ƙagagge ayyukan nedovozu gurasa, rubuta-kashe shrinkage, da dai sauransu A sakamakon bincike 54 mutane da aka kama, biyar daga wanda -. Member na CPSU (b). A sashen Soyuztransa Taganrog kungiyar na 62 mutane da aka shafe ta. Daga cikinsu akwai mai tashar jiragen ruwa da jami'ai, da masu tsaron ƙofofi, direbobi, wanda mafi yawansu ne tsohon kulaks, Kasuwanci, ta hanyar laifi abubuwa. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na kungiyar sun saci kayan hawa daga tashar jiragen ruwa. Kundin sata kai tsaye nuna cewa mahalarta da laifukan sun fili ba manoma.

ƙarshe

A sakamakon da sata da wani normative yi a kan w / d sufuri da kuma sata na jihar farm dukiya, dukiya na hadin kuma hadin fara samun koma baya. A Janairu 1936 ya fara wani m fi na kaso rãyukansu ba. Yana soma wani ƙuduri a kan 16 Janairu a audited Game da lokuta. A sakamakon haka, wasu daga cikin laifin a ayyukan da ba su ƙunshi abubuwa da wani laifi, da aka saki daga kurkuku.