Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni a taƙaice. Rasha m al'adu na 18th karni

Ga tarihin Rasha a cikin 17th karni ya zama m. Yana alama farkon mai santsi miƙa mulki ga sabon lokaci. A jihar canza duka biyu na siyasa da wayewa. Rasha tsars fara kunna ta ganinsu ga West. Next, la'akari da abin da ya ƙunshi na Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni. Takaitacciyar daga cikin siffofin da m girma ma za a gabatar a cikin labarin.

Overview

Rasha Al'adu na 18th karni da aka muhimmanci a ci gaban jihar. Wannan karni na wayewa da kuma dalilin. Saboda haka shi ya yi magana da mai girma Thinkers na lokaci. Culture of Rasha 17-18 karni ne dauke da heyday na manyan zamantakewa da tarihi da kuma akida canjawa. A karshen ne ma alama ta gwagwarmaya tare da ka'idodin addini da mulkin gargajiya-monarchical tushe.

Babban bayyananen

Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni tsaye a waje da amincewa da ruhun yanci da yaduwar jari ganewarsu. Wannan ne mafi fili nuna a adabi, kimiyya, falsafa. A takaice, a cikin wakilin aiki na cikin mafi girma da marubuta, masana falsafa da kuma masana kimiyya na lokaci. Shi ne game da Radishchev, Lomonosov, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, Rousseau, Voltaire, Holbach, Diderot, da sauransu.

Babban fasali na

Culture of Rasha 17-18 karni - wani gagarumin sauyi, daga abin da wani sabon lokaci na jihar. Daya iya ba amma la'akari uku ƙarni na Mongol ci. Saboda shi, da al'adun Rasha 16-18 karni yadda yake a kadaici. Bugu da kari, ya kamata a lura da tasirin da masu Orthodox Church, wanda ya sha raɗaɗin ware Rasha daga cikin "Yammacin" da "karkata". Wannan kuma ya shafi al'adu rayuwa, dabi'u da kuma ilimi. Duk da haka, Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni dauki tafarkin Turai ci gaba. Ta hankali ya fara da za a saki daga kangin na da.

Features qaddamarwa zuwa Turai

The ƙwarai Rasha al'adu na 18th karni? Wannan shi ne wani lokaci na ci gaba, musamman wadanda mutane art kazalika da hukunci nasara a kan rationalist Outlook ascetic da uncompromising akidarsu na koyarwar addini. Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni (Hoton za a nuna a kasa) ya ba da "yan" art na da hakkin ya jama'a fitarwa. Ya fara yi a mafi muhimmanci rawa. Muna magana ne game da samuwar sabon tushe na al'umma, kazalika da jama'a da ilimi da tsarin. Duk da haka, da Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni iya yi musu ba ya shige. Eh, Rasha jami'an haɗe da arziki na ruhaniya al'adunmu na Turai. A daidai wannan lokaci ba su manta game da gida da 'yan asalin hadisai cewa sun tara a kan wani dogon lokaci na m da kuma tarihi ci gaba. Haka ya shafi kwarewa na zamanin d art. Abin da yake haka ban sha'awa domin Rasha al'adu na 18th karni? A takaice bita ta ci gaba, za mu iya ganin cewa shi ne halin da mai zurfin gaba da al'ummomi. Saboda wannan shi ne da kafa a cikin music, wasan kwaikwayo, zanen, gine-gine, shayari kuma wallafe-wallafe. A karshen karni na Rasha art kai unprecedented Heights.

Janar kimantawa

Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni da aka faruwa ta hanyar gagarumin canje-canje. Wannan a fili, shaidu da cewa a karon farko a kasar na cikin wadanda mutane (wadanda mutane) music fito daga filin daga hadisan. Shi ya zama sosai sana'a art. Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni (Table gabatar a wannan labarin bayar da bayanai a kan wasu daga cikin mafi m events na lokaci) ya a da ganiya saboda manyan canje a duk duniyoyin al'umma. Muna magana ne game da sake fasalin da aka za'ayi a cikin zamanin Peter I. Wadannan canje sun halin canza dukan al'adu da tsarin rayuwarsu a kasar. "Domostroevskogo" kwastan Church of fatawowi da falsafa tun tsakiyar zamanai ya fara dakushewa. Yana shãfe yankunan da yawa daga cikin masu tasowa al'adun 18th-karni Rasha. Rayuwa na mutane, hadisai, kwastan - duk abin da kowa da kowa yana canza. Saboda siyasa aukuwa a wasu Qarfafa ji na kasa da girman kai, da kuma ji na ikon da yawa na jihar. The alama 19, da 18th karni? Culture of Rasha ya karbi invaluable taimako sanya ta Rasha kida. Yana da wani wasan kwaikwayo singer, mai yi da kuma mawaki, mafi yawan abin da ya zo daga mutanen. Suna da su warware wani musamman wuya aiki. Su aka tilasta sauri bincika abin da Western artists sun tara kan ƙarni.

Babban lokaci na ci gaban

Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni taƙaice raba uku main saukarwa:

1. A farko kwata daga cikin karni (da sake fasalin na Bitrus).
2. 30-60-ies. Suna alama ta girma na kasa al'ada, kazalika da wata babbar nasara a fagen fasaha, adabi da kuma kimiyya. Duk da haka, muhimmanci ƙara kadarori karkiya.
3. A karshe uku na karni. An halin ci gaban da gwamnatin, wani gagarumin tsarin dimokuradiyya na Rasha al'adu, da ƙarin tsanani na zamantakewa sabani da kuma manyan zamantakewa upheavals.

musamman ilimi

Wannan zamani ne halin da janar karuwa a rubuce-rubuce a Rasha. Duk da haka, idan muka zana daidaici da Yammacin Turai, da matakin ilimi sun muhimmanci wanzuwa. Game da zamantakewa abun da ke ciki na dalibai, shi ne ƙwarai, m. A wannan za a iya ce da shekaru. A manyan taimako ga ci gaban ilimi sanya makaranta da sojoji.

Features na ci gaban kimiyya

Mutane da yawa manyan abubuwa wadãtar da tarihi na Rasha (18th karni). Al'adu da gudummawar da ci gaban da Rasha al'umma. Kimiyya fara da za a 'yanta daga kangin na da scholasticism. Ga mata, shi ne wani nau'i ne na Tarurrukan. Tagged halayyar sa'an nan ya Engels. Ya yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne zamanin da ake bukata Titans kuma Ya halitta, wadanda ga koyo, versatility, hali, so da ikon tunani. A lokaci guda, da kuma kimiyya da ake bukata "halittawa". Saboda haka, an gano duniya muhimmancin da aka za'ayi a Rasha Academy of Sciences lissafi Bernoulli da Euler, kazalika da sunadarai da kuma likita Lomonosov.

Major gudunmawar

Nazari da masana kimiyya-kasar waje, wadanda aka gayyata zuwa ga St. Petersburg Academy, kuma kawo ci gaban duniya, kuma Rasha kimiyya. Duk da haka, da karshen da aka ba a halitta da} o} ari. A wannan za a iya ce da "haskaka" daular mulkinsu. Domestic kimiyya da aka halitta da Rasha mutane. Shi ne game da mutanen da "na daban-daban daraja da kuma take," tsakanin wanda suke da wadannan:

1. I. I. Polzunov (wani soja ta ɗan).
2. MI Serdyukov (Kalmyk yi da kuma hydraulics) - ya haifar da "ognedeystvuyuschuyu" inji, shi ne na farko Rasha dumama m.
3. A. K. Nartov (Turner).
4. I. I. Lepehin, V. F. Zuev, SP Krashennikov (sojoji 'ya'yanku) - suna daga cikin na farko Soviet malaman jami'o'i.
5. ME Golovin (soja ta dan) - lissafi.

Wannan ne gaskiya mahaliccin kimiyya a mulkin gargajiya Rasha.

University taimako

Binciken da kuma m zato ƙwarai tsaya daga cikin dukan nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya. Ya dogara da kwarewa, yi da kuma rayuwa materialistically mai daraja a fadin duniya. M. Lomonosov nemi don zurfin m hakan. Ya so ya san asiran yanayi. Wannan masanin shi ne ya kafa ta jiki sunadarai da atomic ka'idar.

Don ƙarin bayani,

Muhimmai daga kimiyya ilmin halitta da aka aza a cikin biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. A wannan lokaci, na farko Fita Rasha Medical Journal. Muna magana ne game da "St. Petersburg-likita kalamai".

Historical kimiyya: babban fasali

A karo na biyu kwata daga cikin karni - lokacin samuwar tarihi a matsayin kimiyya. Tattara, da kuma aka buga wasu bugu. Mutane da yawa daga cikin manya, masana tarihi sun yi kokarin tafiyar da irin wannan ayyuka. Na da babban amfani ga jama'a a yau ne tarihi na Rasha (18th karni). Empire al'ada ci gaba da halittu farfadowa cikin sauri. V. N. Tatischev shi ne mafi girma Explorer na baya. Ya fara aiki a kan "The History na Rasha." Shi ne ya yi yunkurin at mai jiwuwa da asusun na abubuwan da suka faru daga mahangar da nobility. Ka lura da cewa wannan aiki ya zama tushen ga masana kimiyya da dama. A musamman, wannan yana zartuwa ga M. V. Lomonosovu da "zamanin da Rasha tarihi." Har ila yau kada ka manta M. M. Scherbatova da aikinsa "History of Rasha daga zamanin da," wanda gano nufin ɗaukaka a nobility, gaskata serfdom da gata na "Karin" aji. Marubucin ya firgita baƙauye yaki jagorancin Emelyana Pugacheva. Ya gane cewa rare yunkuri da kuma ƙungiyoyi ne makawa, amma a lokaci guda la'antad da su. I. I. Boltin - wani tarihi na nobility. Zargi, da basira, m masanin, ya kuma yi karatu da tarihi na ba kawai da tsada, amma kuma wasu sassa na al'umma - da sana'a, da limaman da kuma 'yan kasuwa. Amma ayyukansa tsarkake autocratic ikon sarki da mulkin gargajiya tsarin.

Major nasarori

Rasha kimiyya ya samo asali a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci Rasha masana kimiyya ya gane nasarori na Yammacin abokan aiki daga wani m bisa. Bugu da kari, sun ɓullo da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan duniya kimiyya tunani. Game da batutuwan da ci gaban, shi ne dan kadan a kasa da kasashen yammacin Turai. A wannan batun, kowane sabon nasara zama yafi muhimmanci. Masana kimiyya daga wasu kasashe sun Masani game da littattafan da na Rasha Academy of Sciences. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa, wadannan ci gaba ba zama dukiya na aikin wahala, talakawa. Su aka yanke daga gare ta. bukatun talakawa sun nisa daga kimiyya da ilimi. Game da autocracy, da iko da ya ji tsoro na ilimi. A mutane sun bayyana m ra'ayoyi da kuma ra'ayin siyasa, ta wata hanya. Shi ne game da zane-zane da kuma crafts, kuma baka aiki.

gine Features

Innovation fara yin a yi kansu ne har yanzu a cikin Petrine zamanin. Kamar dukan Rasha al'ada a cikin 18th karni, da gine-gine da aka jurewa gagarumin canje-canje. Gine-gine ginen da aka tsara don bayyana ɗaukakarka da ikon da daular. Saboda siyasa da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar da aka canza da kuma injiniya. Arsenal a Kremlin, Big Stone Bridge - cikin shahararrun gine-gine na zamani.

cigaban gine-gine

A farko makaranta na gine-gine da aka shirya a Moscow Ukhtomskiy. MF Kazakov VP Bazhenov karatu a karkashin ya shiriya. Petrine zamanin kiwon gina sabon babban birnin kasar. Don wannan karshen, gayyace gine-ginen guzuri. Shi ne game da Rastrelli da Trezzini. A sabon babban birnin kasar da aka ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin na yau da kullum gari. A lokaci guda ta da samun da a dogon radial hanyoyi, ya kuma was bariki, murabba'ai da kuma tituna. Trezzini ya marubucin zama gine-gine da dama Categories mutane:

1. "Talakawa" mutane.
2. "M" 'yan ƙasa.
3. "Manyan" mutane.

Wadannan jama'a da ayyuka sauki style. Ga manyan abubuwa za a iya dauke Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral. Daga cikin jama'a gine-gine ne da wadannan:

1. Admiralty.
2. Exchange.
3. Gostiny Dvor.

Tare da St. Petersburg da aka gina da yawa wasu abubuwa. A musamman, wannan yana nufin da kasa fada tare da shahararrun shakatawa-majalisai. Shi ne, da farko, kuma farkon, game da Peterhof. Amma ga Rasha Baroque style, shi ne babban taimako ga ci gaban ta aiki ya kawo mahaifi da dansa Rastrelli. A farko an Italian sculptor. Ya na da hannu a cikin ado elaboration na Peterhof. Dansa ne riga mai Rasha m. Ya - marubucin yawa muhimmanci ƙwarai, daga cikinsu da wadannan:

1. Smolny Convent.
2. Manyan gidãje: Catherine, Great, Winter.

A ci gaba da gine-gine a karo na biyu da rabi na karni

The gine na Rasha classicism aka maye gurbinsu da Baroque. A nuna na 19-18 karni Rasha al'ada ga flowering wannan Trend. Akwai kuma wakilan classicism. Wadannan sun hada da gine-ginen I. E. Starova, M. F. Kazakova da V. P. Bazhenova. Recent aiki a St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow. Sun yi wani gagarumin taimako ga gina wuraren, irin su:

1. Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. Manzon Allah Sallallahu Majalisar.
3. A majalisar dattijai a cikin Moscow Kremlin.
4. A fadar kuma wurin shakatawa gungu (ma'ana Tsaritsyno).

Mafi tsufa ne marubucin da Alexander Nevsky sufi da Triniti Cathedral. By babban dabi'u na classicism tana nufin gungu. Daga cikin siffofin na ta kungiyar za a iya gano:

1. Madaidaiciya layuka na ginshikan.
2. Yarda da m fasali.
3. Madaidaiciya Lines.

Palace Square (m K. I. Rossi) ne Firayim misali na wannan shugabanci. The tsira gine-gine na cewa lokaci ne yanzu ba kawai biranen ado - ne Masterpieces cewa da duniya muhimmanci.

Kayayyakin Arts: fasali na ci gaba

Art al'adun Rasha na 18th karni kuma yi mashi canje-canje. Wannan lokaci alama heyday na hoto zanen. Mafi shahara painters na lokacin Peter iya hada wadannan:

1. Ivan Nikitin.
2. Yanina Matveev.

Su suna dauke da kafa Rasha wadanda mutane zanen. A juyo aka kayyade a karshen cikin 20s. Yana fara fi a kotu hanyar zanen. Mafi hoto painters na zamani su ne:

1. V. L. Borovikovsky.
2. Dt Levitsky.
3. F. S. Rokotov.
4. AP Antropov.

Gargajiya sassaka a cikin shugabanci da aka nuna ta hanyar da wadannan Figures:

1. Mihailom Kozlovskim.
2. Fedorom Shubinym.

Hermitage (arziki art tarin a duniya) kuma an kafa a cikin XVIII karni. Tushensa shi ne mai zaman kansa tarin zane-zane na Empress Elizabeth.

Features salon Metropolitan mazauna

A da shi akwai munanan canje-canje. Wannan ya musamman sauki gani a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg. Har ila yau Highlights wasu daga cikin sauran manyan birane na kasar. Manyansu fara gina manyan gidãje wa kansu. Popular wurare domin wannan shi ne Nevsky Prospekt da Palace Embankment. Facilities aka gina kai tsaye tare da canals sunã gudãna a cikin kõgi. A kan bankunan na Neva fara nuna kashe da dutse embankments. Duk da wannan aikin ne a cikin cikakken lilo bayan umurnin da empress. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura shi ne cewa da sananne grille na Summer Garden saboda shi. By karshen karni fashion a St. Petersburg ya canza. A nan, da yawa m content aristocratic gyaran gashi. Ga ka iya ji da harshen Faransanci, ko dauki bangare a cikin tattaunawa game, adabi ko siyasa ba. A cikin wadannan gyaran gashi ya fara zuwa haske da wani yawa na hali. A musamman, wannan ya shafi Rasha wallafe-wallafen celebrities. Nifty crews wuce marmari a gidajen qasaita located a kan Nevsky Prospekt. Akwai sau da yawa tafiya da ado mutumin a cikin titi da kuma shugabannin Guards.

Moscow, ma, ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Petersburg kwanyarsa da dũkiya ba a can. Duk da haka, Moscow sani game da ci gaba da sama da sabuwar trends na lokaci. M birni yi tsaya, tituna fara matakin kashe. Ya kamata a lura da cewa wadannan firtsi ba kama da dukan jihar. Maimakon haka, quite akasin haka. Suna fi jaddada talauci na Rasha rayuwa, al'ada da kuma janar stagnation. A babbar yanki na kasa rai ya zauna a waje na birane wayewa. Wannan da farko tana nufin ƙauyen da kauyen. Kazalika a birane, a can ne a fili ji gagarumin bambance-bambance a cikin hanyar fasali da kuma yanayin rayuwa. The nobility ya ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na yankunan karkara yawan jama'a. Bayan da a saki na dacewa da dokoki (Haruffa Patent da Liberty) wakilan wannan aji warware daga wajibi soja da kuma na farar sabis. Saboda haka, a babban ɓangare na nobility fara shirya farm rayuwa, zaunar daga waliccinsu, da kuma fara yin housework. Amma ga babban bangare ne na wannan aji, da shi da aka gabatar da gidan haya "matsakaicin" da kuma masu na yankunan karkara kadarori. A wannan batun, za mu iya lafiya kammala da cewa, manya da aka ba a rabu da baƙauye rai wani abu rinjãya. Daga waliccinsu, ya rayu cikin bãyinSa, da barorinsa suna mutãne waɗanda suka iya sadarwa. Wakilai na biyu daban-daban azuzuwan shekaru da yawa sun gefe da gefe. Saboda haka, akwai lamba tare da guda sanannun al'adu, imani, al'ada da kuma al'ada. Manyansu za a iya bi da ta gargajiya healers, tururi wanka da kuma sha wannan jiko kamar yadda manoma. Shi ne kuma ya kamata a lura da cewa babban ɓangare na wannan wani low-aji ko jahilci duk. Akwai quite dace don tuna Madam Prostakova Fonvizin. Manor manyansu sun zama wani ~ angare na Rasha yankunan karkara rayuwa. Amma ga manoma, da latest sababbin abubuwa ba su shãfe a duk. Kawai kananan ƙunshi juzu'i daga gare su, zai iya karya fitar a cikin "mutane". A cikin kauyuka da suka fara gina kyau da kuma tsabta lilin a jama'a. manoma sun kuma yi amfani da sabon iyali abubuwa (furniture da kayayyakinsa). Sun kasance iya sarrafa su abinci da kuma samun mafi takalma da kuma tufafi.

a ƙarshe

Tebur a kasa ya nuna mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru da kuma mamaki da suke da halayyar da farko da rabi na 18th karni.