Daya daga cikin manyan harsunan Afirka. Famous Afirka harshe

Afirka ta yawan amfani a yau da kullum tattaunawar a kan ɗari takwas harsuna da suke sosai daban-daban daga juna da kuma a lokaci guda suna da yawa a cikin na kowa. Yaruka daga cikin mafi zafi nahiyar a duniya suna harhada cikin 4 iyalan: Afro-Asiatic, Nijar-Congo (da - Yammacin Sudan), Nilo-Saharan da Bushman. Daya daga cikin manyan Afirka harshe ne ake kira Kiswahili. A Gabashin Afrika da wannan yare magana miliyan 150.

Afro-Asiatic iyali

Imin sautin harshe halin da rashin sautunan da suke ba a cikin sauran kowa yaruka. Ya kamata mu ma ambaci akai-akai ci karo laryngeal da pharyngeal baƙi da baƙi kungiyoyin suna da wuya a yi amfani da sauran harsuna.

Amma ga nahawu fasali, domin kalmomi kuma sentences na wannan kungiya suna halin da category na jinsi a magana da, dangantaka tare da jima'i halaye. Hanyoyi daban-daban, da su kafa jam'insu sunayen (reduplication, suffixes da kuma canzawar wasali sauti a kalmomin) da kuma sabani fi'ili siffofin (m, causative, turawa yanzu, da sauransu). Kowane harshen Afirka, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na Semitic reshe na Afro-Asiatic iyali, halin da gaban trehsoglasnyh asalinsu.

A yaruka na wannan kungiya suna yadu rarraba a cikin al'ummai daga Arewacin Afrika. Su ma mamaye a gabashin nahiyar, wato, da Habasha, da Tanzania ɓangaren duniya, da yankin Somalia da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Afro-Asiatic iyali ya kunshi mutum biyar rassan: zamanin d Masar, Cushitic, Semitic, Berber da kuma Chadi. A karshen hada da daya daga cikin manyan harsunan Afirka - Hausa.

Nilo-Saharan iyali

A yaruka na wannan kungiyar ne tonal mara Suna azuzuwan, ko da yake wasu daga cikinsu suna da nau'o'i biyu na nahawu. Afirka harsuna Nilo-Saharan iyali hada da fi'ilai cewa suna da wani sa na sabani siffofi. Wani lokaci da sunan shi ne ta yin amfani da yanayin tsarin.

Raka'a babu kananan muhimmancin kungiyar ne shari kuma Nile-Saharan subfamily. A karshen hada da irin yarukan kamar yadda Kanuri (amfani a cikin 'yan qasar mulkin Borno), kazalika da oxidase da Ted, da jama'ar na gabacin Sahara.

Nijar-Congo iyali

A rarrabe da nahawu tsarin yaruka na wannan kungiyar ne rijista azuzuwan kai ga daban-daban affixes jam'i da kuma mufuradi. Afirka harsuna na zuwa Nijar-Congo iyali, yana da wani wakilin suna da manufofi yarda da sunaye na aji ga abin da ranked. Kamar yadda yaruka na wannan kungiya, da bambanci ga Turai, maimakon uku danginsu (mata, namiji da neuter) da wata babbar adadin rajista azuzuwan. Saboda haka, da dabbobi kasance a cikin wannan aji na mutane - zuwa wani, da kuma, alal misali, itatuwa - zuwa uku. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai wasu kungiyoyin da ba su da wani dalilin na ginin jumla rarrabuwa.

Wajen da Nijar-Congo iyali ne zuwa kashi 8 subfamilies. Wannan Atlantic, Mandingo, AIK Ijaw, voltayskaya, Gabas, Adamawa da kuma Benue-Congo. A karshe kashi ne reshe aka kuma yi amfani da sanannun Afirka harshe - Swahili.

danna harsuna

Sunan wannan harshe iyali (da - Bushman) tsiwirwirinsu godiya ga wani musamman clicky bayanin kula, wanda ake amfani da baƙaƙe da ake amfani da musamman a Afrika. Zaben fassarar wadannan sauti ne shubuha: su yanzu ake magana a kai a matsayin ba numfashi tun sanya kadan ko wani amfani na huhu da tsotsa ƙungiyoyi. Wancan ne, suna contrasted implosive da wani m baƙi.

A farko daga cikin uku kungiyoyin cikin wanda wani Bushman iyali, da ake kira Khoisan. Its yadu magana a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Bi da bi, da Khoisan subfamily ne zuwa kashi arewacin, kudanci da kuma tsakiyar kungiyar. A danna cikin harsuna magana Hottentots da daji. Biyu da na uku subfamilies an mai suna Hatsu da sandawe, yaruka magana da wani ɓangare na yawan Tanzaniya.

Swahili - babban Afirka harshe

Kiswahili - kai, wanda ya zo daga kalmar larabci sawāhil ( «Coast"). A kimiyya amfani da harshe zo wajen marigayi - a cikin biyu da rabi na XIX karni. A wannan lokaci, na farko bayanin irin nau'in halaye bayyana. By karshen wannan karni akwai riga Swahili kamus da kuma ilimi littattafai.

Yau da wannan ne ya koyar da mafi manyan jami'o'i a UK, Amurka, Japan, Jamus, Faransa da kuma sauran ƙasashe. A Tanzania, a wani ilimi ma'aikata na Dar-es-Salam, wani ma'aikata da cewa hulda da nazarin Swahili. Its ayyuka sun hada da littafin da mujallar, wanda yana dauke da al'adu, adabi da kuma sauran batutuwa da suka shafi da harshen. Swahili da aka jihar harshen matsayi a Tanzania, Uganda da kuma Kenya.

Littafi Mai rubutu amfani da Latin haruffa, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 50s na karni na 19th zuwa Turai mishaneri. A karni na goma, maimakon da Latin haruffa ya starosuahiliyskoe harafin (arabitsa), ta hanyar abin da most almara na 18th karni da aka rubuta - "The Book of Hiraqla." Alphabet ƙunshi 24 haruffa, a cikin abin da ba X kuma Q, da kuma C da ake amfani a hade ch.

House

Rabe-raben harsuna faye hali gano uku sautunan a cikin harshen: high, low kuma fadowa. Yare yana da biyu jerin baƙaƙe, kuma implosive eyektivny. Daga cikin hankula fasali na Afro-Asiatic iyali na harsuna, Hausa Notes laqani Tasrifu da ciki lankwashewa.

A cikin kwanaki na karni na 19th a cikin yaren amfani da Larabci haruffa - Ajam. An fara daga 30s na karshe karni fara da za a yi amfani da haruffa, kafuwar wanda yake da Latin harshe. A Najeriya, da wallafe-wallafen harshen matsayin su ne bisa yare na Kano. Game da Jamhuriyar Nijar, akwai har yanzu babu Written harshen.

Hausa - Afirka harshen interethnic sadarwa, musamman a tsakanin musulmai. A total number of yare dako na fiye da miliyan 24 mutane, don haka shi ya zama mafi girma a cikin kasar Chadi reshe. Afirka harshen Hausa shi ne rinjaye a arewacin Nijeriya da kuma Jamhuriyar Nijar. yare amfani da bambanci a wadannan kasashen biyu ne kawai daya wasika. ƴ - don haka shi aka rubuta a Nijar, da kuma so'y amfani a Arewacin Najeriya.