Shorthand - abin da yake da shi? Muhimmai da ãyõyi shorthand

Kusan dukkan mu mun ji ko gani a adabi, wannan m kalma - "shorthand." Mẽne ne, kuma me ya sa ka bukatar ka san 'yan, da kuma quite' yan mutane kokarin Master shi. Kuma shi dai itace ya zama mai matukar amfani, abu ga wani mutum ba kawai da suka gabata, nekompyuterizirovannogo karni, amma zamani.

Shorthand - da ikon zuwa rikodin bayanai da sauri ta yin amfani da haruffa na musamman. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne rikodi na mutum magana gudun a lokacin da ta furcin. Ta halitta taso bewilderment: me ya sa da irin wannan fasaha? Duk da haka, da dalibai, da kuma dalibai, shi zai zama da amfani a aji, inda malamin ba musamman damuwa game da ko da mai sauraro yana lokaci zuwa rubũta abin da kuke bukatar.

A bayyanar shorthand

Shorthand alamomin da za a iya gani da farko ko a cikin na farko, da aka samu daga Monuments na Masar wayewa. Masarawa ƙirƙira nasa shorthand. Da taimakon rubuce alfarma kalmomi Fir'auna. Shorthand (a matsayin dace Hanyar rikodi) biya da hankali ga wasu tsoho wayewar. Saboda haka, da Helenawa da Romawa, sosai m, da yin jihãdi ga kyau, kuma an rayayye yi amfani da haruffa na musamman ga m kam muhimmanci ilimi. Da shi shi ne lokaci na zamanin d Roma da kuma Girka da aka dangana ga flourishing shorthand. Kamar yadda tarihi records, d ¯ Roman shorthand halitta Tyrone, da mataimakin mai girma orator Cicero.

Ancient Roman shorthand ãyõyi wanda totaled kusan 5,000 raka'a, ya wuya a Master. Idan zamani shorthand - a zahiri, watau, kowane alama ce wakiltar wani harafi, da tsohon tsarin da aka kama, da cewa, akwai ãyã nuna wani kalma. Saboda haka, binciken da shi shi ne musamman wuya.

A hukuma da ranar haihuwa na wasiƙa aka dauke su a verbatim Disamba 5, 63 BC. e. - aikin Tyrone a kan tsarin da ãyõyinMu.

Ban sha'awa tarihi na shorthand

Saboda da shorthand Hanyar rubuce-rubucen da muke a yanzu suna da damar da za su karanta ayyukan William Shakespeare. Fafatawa a gasa na wasan kwaikwayo na shahara da cin nasara marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo riga ka aika zuwa ga wani dalili ya zama ƙaddamar transcribers, don waɗanda rubuta verbatim wasan kwaikwayo dama a lokacin da biyayya. Kuma, komai nuna rashin marubucin ban mamaki ƙwarai, suka rubuta, da kuma saboda cewa sun kai mu. A wannan lokaci, shi ne har yanzu a shorthand kalma line.

Amma alphabetic shorthand bayyana bayan abubuwan da suka faru a "Duniyoyi". Dzhon Uills halitta alphabetic tsarin, a cikin abin da kowane hali shorthand daura hannu da haruffa. Daga wannan lokacin ya fara wani sabon zamanin shorthand, yafi sauki da kuma sauki koyi.

A sanannun masana kimiyyar dabbobi Alfred Brehm rubuta ta amfani da bayanai Shorthand littafinsa "Life of Animals". Karatu dabbobi a cikin yanayi, ya ba da dukan yanayi na al'ada rubuce. A cikin filin, a kan hanya, misali, hawa doki, ya yi amfani da shorthand harshen for journaling. Lokacin da ya tara isasshen bayanai Brehm posted diary wa matarsa, da kuma ta deciphered records da kuma ajiye su domin bugu. Daga wannan misali za mu iya ganin cewa shorthand taimako mutane fiye da sau daya, ka dauki bayanan kula a cikin mafi matsananci yanayi.

Shorthand a Rasha

A lokacin wani bayyanar a cursive Rasha a matsayin cikakken tsarin na kwafi bai wanzu ba. A cikin karni na 15th cursive rubuta jama'a veche a Pskov da Novgorod. A 17th karni shorthand aka yi amfani a farko sarakuna Romanov. Bitrus ma sau da yawa koma zuwa taimako na stenographers.

Babban Rasha marubuta gane da magabaci na babban gudun rubuce-rubuce da sauki. Daga cikin su FB Dostoevsky kuma L. N. Tolstoy. Cikakken fitarwa ya da Rasha masana kimiyya N. E. Zhukovskogo kuma D. I. Mendeleeva. Ayyukan da wadannan manyan mutanen da aka harhada daga shorthand rubuce da laccoci.

A cikin kwanaki na tsarist Rasha naúrar sani shorthand. Wadannan kwararru ne, yafi a manyan birane - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

A Soviet lokacin da aka tsara da cewa wani karamin rukuni na stenographers yi aiki a kan abubuwan tarihin da ke rubuce a cikin watan Oktoba, ga wanda ya daga baya samu yardar sanannun Figures. Bugu da ari, wannan yanayin da rubuce-rubuce ya zama mafi m tun da shi ya bayyana cewa, tare da taimakon wani rubuta aikin zama mafi inganci a sau. Domin kimiyya, shi ne invaluable taimako.

iri shorthand

Verbatim tsarin data kasance a wannan lokacin, an rarraba su a kan da dama filaye: a gani halaye na lamba da ãyõyinMu, kuma dangane da abin da irin jawabin naúrar wakiltar wata ãyã ta dabam tsarin (kalma, morpheme, sauti). A cewar daya daga cikin wadannan tsarin kasance a cikin Italic ko geometralnym, morphological ko karin lafazi - domin wani alama.

Italic da geometralnye tsarin

A tsarin geometralnyh shorthand nau'i na lissafi siffofi: da'irar da kuma Semi-da'ira, dige kuma madaidaiciya. Italic tsarin ne da alãmarsu kafa daga rabo na al'ada haruffa daga cikin haruffa wanda ake karkata daga dãma da ciwon m m. Italic ãyõyi aka dauke su more aesthetically m da sauki to fayyace.

ÃyõyinSa a cursive geometralnyh tsarin da kuma gwada da bambancin a allo: da thinner Lines, na kasa haruffa da daban-daban Heights, da size, karkata. Saboda haka, da rikodin sanya da irin wannan tsarin, nicer da kuma sauki ya karanta.

Morphological da kuma karin lafazi tsarin

Morphological halayyar da tsarin na kasashen turai, domin a cikin harshen da kafa domin na kalmomi, bi da bi, wani rarrabe ɓangare na bada shawarwari da wani marar sakewa matsayi. Rasha harshen yayi tsauri, saboda haka da morphological tsarin na shorthand shi bai samu shahararsa. Maimakon bai dace harshen fasalin na tsarin da aka samarwa madadin kira fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (karin lafazi tsarin) wakilta wani shorthand tsarin Ternes-Alexandrova. Yana da wani m hanya zuwa rikodin magana cikin harsuna daban daban, ta amfani da wannan musamman ãyõyi. tsarin kiwon form frazgraf - alamar da ke nuna cikkaken jumla.

Alphabet Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit 40 haruffa, wanda sa shi yiwuwa a yi la'akari da lokacin rubuta smyslorazlichiteli yayi la'akari da harshen da a cikinsa shi da aka gabatar. Wadannan biyu tsarin da ake gani ba, da abbreviations. Wannan yanayin taimaka wajen samar da frazgrafiyu sauri - daya daga cikin tsarin, wanda ya hada da shorthand. Ãyõyin karin lafazi da tsarin a general ne mafi m ga ci gaban fasaha.

zamani yayi

Shorthand, wanda horo ne ba kamar yadda na kowa kamar yadda na saba harshe, kazalika da duk harsuna na duniya tsarin o ƙarin ya rage wuya, don taimaka masu amfani don amfani da shi da kuma ci gaba. Yana neman hada da dukan tsarin tare a kan tushen da m sharudda. Dalilin da canji da kuma ci gaban cursive - ƙungiyar na duk tsarin cimma conciseness, daidaito da kuma versatility.

Lokacin da shorthand bincike a yau amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya da sadarwa tare da sauran sciences, da farko tare da gudanar da bincike na physiological siffofin na mutum magana ba. A baya can, a baya ƙarni, halittawa verbatim tsarin sarrafa at ta hankali, shi ne a yanzu da sababbin abubuwa gabatar domin kyale yin amfani da mutum harshe. Muhimmanci ne factor cewa a lokacin da motsi cursive tsarin daga wannan harshe zuwa wani, akwai ko da yaushe bukatar canza shi. Wannan ƙwarai dagula halittar duniya na tsarin.

A cikin ãyõyin shorthand

Mun riga mun fahimci cewa wannan shorthand cewa ne daban-daban cursive tsarin. Dismantled da su main bambance-bambance. Amma shorthand ãyõyi Rasha harshen yana da ban sha'awa fasali.

Gani, suna hada da sassa na mu saba haruffa. Su ne sauƙi, kuma da kyau shiga tare. Ko da tare da sauri imel stenographer da muhimmanci mu tuna cewa a cikin ãyõyin kamata ba za a gurbata.

Sun nuna wasali da kuma baƙi haruffa daga cikin haruffa, amma da rubuce-rubuce ne sosai musamman. Tsakanin baƙaƙe vowels ba da aka rubuta, da kuma an sanya kawai a karshen, a farkon kalmomi, kõ dabam- dabam. Baƙaƙe suna shiga kuma ta musamman dokoki, da kuma dangane da shi su za a iya karanta ko ba karanta.

Rubuta shorthand Alamun

Sabon abu iri auku rubutu haruffa verbatim girmama zuwa jere. Akwai uku matakan da rubuce-rubuce: a line, sama da kasa da line. Matakan da ake maye gurbin dangane da yadda kake da alaka da ãyõyinMu. A mahadi da kansu su ne ko da yaushe takaice, saboda abu mafi muhimmanci a cursive - sauki saboda rikodi gudun. Bugu da kari, saboda short sadarwa rikodin samu m, amma shi ne kuma da muhimmanci sosai.

Yanzu, lokacin da akwai isasshen bayani game da wata ãyã tsarin, kamar yadda shorthand, abin da shi ne da kuma yadda shi ya samo asali kan wani dogon lokaci - muna wakiltar. Har ila yau, suna da wani tunani na yadda aka yi amfani da baya. Amma yanzu da zamanin ne quite daban-daban fiye da lokacin da shorthand ya fi na kowa. Inda aka yi amfani da zamanin yau tsarin da shorthand?

Shorthand a zamaninmu

A munasaba na sauya rubũtun tamkar da bayanai da aka adana a cikin lokaci. Nazarin ya nuna cewa mutum magana ne sau biyar fiye da ikon zuwa rikodin ta hannu, da kuma wani mutum zai iya rubuta game da 20 kalmomi da minti tare da cewa ya ce game da 100-120.

Samun azumi rubuce-rubuce basira yau zai zo a m, a cikin aikin mai Mataimakin Gudanarwa, dalibai, makarantar sakandare dalibai, 'yan jarida fi son hannu rikodin - duk da mutanen da suka fuskanci wajibcin wani abu rubuta da sauri kuma daidai, kamar laccoci, taro, latsa taro da kuma sauran jama'a da ya buga. Ga dalibai transcriptions na bayanai iya samun wani muhimmiyar amfani - rubutu cribs. Suna samun wani m da m zuwa wasu, don haka ko da ana samu, cribs za a iya kawai ba a gane kamar yadda irin wannan.

Amfanin shorthand ilmi ba iyakance zuwa saukaka azumi magana kam. Koyi nawa shorthand kubutar da lokaci da kuma kokarin, shi inganta ingancin aiki. Bugu da kari, an tabbatar da cewa shorthand tasowa tunani, da ikon a fili da kuma meaningfully m tunaninsu.

Yadda za a koyi shorthand

Yau, babu wani abu mai rikitarwa game da ku mallaki wadanda amfani da basira, wanda ya bada shorthand. Ilimi da shi zai iya kai matsayin kadan 'yan makonni. Idan zai yiwu, ka iya shiga sama domin na musamman darussa. Ga masu sana'a stenographers zai gabatar da kayan yau da kullum na shorthand da kuma koyar da abin da suka san yadda za su yi.

Don halarci Hakika shorthand ba ya bukatar wani horo na musamman. Abinda za ka iya bukata - wannan wurin, shirye koyi da pishushih kayayyaki (littafin rubutu, alkalami ko fensir). Lokacin da wani m koyo shorthand, za ka iya koyi yadda za a rubuta 60-70 kalmomi da minti (maimakon na 20 kalmomi a yau da kullum da harshen), kuma idan ka dauki horo mai tsanani, da kuma 100-120 kalmomi da minti. Babban sakamako zai daina zama haka dacewa, saboda mutane kusan ba magana da mafi sauri.

Shorthand alama sabon abu sabon zuwa. A farkon horo shi ne ko da yaushe wuya a samu amfani da sabon ka'idojin da wasika, amma bayan wani yawan hours of yi don amfani da su da wannan al'ada.

Fursunoni verbatim haruffa

Tare da duk m al'amurran da shorthand ba cikakke. Tare da wani sosai da sauri rikodi ne ko da yaushe wani hadarin rubuta cikin ãyõyinSa, har ku hankalta da su sai shi zai zama da wuya matuƙa.

A mafi tsanani drawback na cursive rubutu shi ne cewa an kusan ba mutunta kuskure dokoki. A sauki misali - shi ne ya rubuta a cikin prefix "a" maimakon "a kan" saboda gaskiyar cewa dangane da "a" mafi sauki. Domin da verbatim abstracts ga nasu amfani ba karfen kafa. Duk da haka, za ka iya amfani da wannan manufa da rubuce-rubuce da cewa ci gaba da kuma tsaya da shi a lõkacin da kuke bukatar rubuta a cikin sauki harshe. Bayan duk, shi ne ba wani kuskure soke.

sabon shugabanci

Don ƙarni, mutane sun kasance samuwa ne kawai na gargajiya, da hannu amfani da shorthand. Mene ne shi, muka yi nazari a cikin daki-daki. Amma yanzu yana da wani sabon look. Mene ne kwamfuta shorthand ga abin da aka halitta, idan fasahar zamani suna da yawa da wasu hanyoyi don azumi murya rikodi?

Da farko, wannan tsarin ya zo bayanai tsaro. Na dogon lokaci bayan gano wannan yanki shi ba ɓullo da uniform terminology. Mun kafa daban-daban Concepts, da kuma ƙarshe gane babban bambanci daga cryptography: idan karshen shafi data boye-boye, voye na gaskiya na ta baza - matsala da za a warware ta shorthand. Shirye-shiryen mai sãɓãwar launukansa a ganewar da aka tsara don wannan manufa. Easy da kuma araha cikin sharuddan amfani, da kuma a lokaci guda free, - Fox Asirin 1,00. Za ka iya amfani da shi don boye bayanai a rare Formats na rubutu, graphics da kuma sauti. A sakamakon haka, mai amfani sami wani akwati tare da boye bayanai. Fayil cikin abin da aka boye, ta halitta qara a size. Daga cikin akwati bayanai da aka dawo da na'urar yin amfani da wata kalmar sirri.

binciken

Shorthand - wata hanya da sauri rikodin bayanai, wanda aka yi amfani da ƙarni da dama. Yana samo asali da kuma aka canza kafin mu lokacin, irin wannan tsarin ya ba tukuna, an halitta, wanda zai iya saduwa da bukatun da yawa harsuna, kazalika da kasancewa m da sauki don amfani. A wannan ci gaban da shorthand, kamar wani yare, shi bai tsaya, tun yawa zauna da za a yi domin tabbatar da shi ko da mafi m. Shi ne wannan ayan stenographers duk mu kwana.

Mun gane ainihin Concepts, wanda ya hada da shorthand, abin da shi ne da kuma dalilin da ya sa za mu bukatar shi a rayuwata, koyi game da verbatim sukayi fassara tsarin, fasali na haruffa da kuma sadarwa.

Yanzu cewa muna da wani ra'ayin game da wannan sabon abu a gare mu rubuta tsarin, za a iya auna duk muhawara su bi ta ci gaba. Muna fatan cewa mu labarin ya kasance m gare ku, kuma amfani.