Ta yaya ne barbashi a daskararru, taya da gas?

Wannan abu ba wai kawai ya yi magana game da yadda barbashi ana shirya a daskararru, amma kuma kamar yadda suka matsawa a gas ko taya. The iri crystal lattices a daban-daban kayan za a iya bayyana.

jiki jihar

Akwai wasu matsayin, na nuna gaban uku hankula jihohin tari, wato m, ruwa da kuma iskar gas.

The aka gyara domin kowane tara jihar.

1. A daskararru ne kusan barga a size da kuma siffar. A karshe canji ne musamman matsala ba tare da ƙarin makamashi ta halin kaka.
2. Liquid iya canja siffar sauƙi, amma a lokaci guda rike da ƙarfi.
3. Gaseous abubuwa ba riƙe da wani siffar kuma girma.

Babban rarrabẽwa ga wanda aka ƙaddara da jihar tari ne tsari na kwayoyin da kuma hanyoyin da su motsi. A gaseous abu mafi žarancin nisa tsakanin mutum kwayoyin ne muhimmanci mafi girma daga nasu. Bi da bi, da kwayoyin na ruwa abubuwa ba wãtsu a tsawon nisa karkashin al'ada yanayi gare su, kuma riƙe su girma. The aiki barbashi a daskararru ne a daidai domin, kowane daga cikinsu, kamar Pendulum Agogon, motsa a kusa da wani musamman batu a cikin crystal raga. Wannan ya ba daskararru na musamman ƙarfi ne, kuma stiffness.

Saboda haka, a cikin wannan harka, mafi latsa tambaya na yadda za a tsara da data kasance barbashi a daskararru. A duk sauran lokuta, da kwayoyin halitta (kwayoyin) an ba haka ba tsari kammalalle ba.

ruwa Features

Wajibi ne a biya musamman da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa ruwa ne mai irin tsakiya tsakanin m jihar na jiki da kuma ta gaseous lokaci. Saboda haka, ta hanyar rage yawan zafin jiki na ruwa solidifies, da kuma lokacin da kiwon shi sama da tafasar batu na abu ya wuce a cikin gaseous jihar. Duk da haka, da ruwa yana kamance tare da m da gaseous abubuwa. Saboda haka, a 1860, da fice a Rasha masanin kimiyya D. I. Mendeleev kafa da wanzuwar ake kira m zazzabi - cikakkar tafasar. Wannan shi ne darajar a wadda vuya bakin ciki kan iyaka tsakanin gas da dũkiyõyinsu a cikin m jihar.

A gaba rarrabẽwa, hada biyu m ire jihar - isotropy. A wannan yanayin, da kaddarorin ne guda a duk inda. Lu'ulu'u, bi da bi, su ne anisotropic. Hakazalika gas, da taya ba da wani ajali siffar da kuma gaba daya zauna cikin juz'i na jirgin ruwa wanda suka kasance. Wancan ne, sunã da wani low danko da kuma high fluidity. Suna fuskantar juna, ruwa ko gas microparticles yin free hijira. A baya can an yi tunanin cewa ƙarar shagaltar da ta ruwa, akwai wani ma'ana na motsi da kwayoyin. Kamar wancan ne, da ruwa da kuma iskar gas da ake yi tsayayya da su lu'ulu'u ne. Amma a sakamakon m karatu sun nuna kamance tsakanin daskararru da kuma taya.

A cikin ruwa lokaci a zazzabi kusa da solidification thermal motsi kama da motsi da daskararru. A wannan yanayin, da ruwa iya har yanzu suna da wani tsari. Saboda haka, ba da amsa ga wannan tambaya, kamar yadda barbashi ana shirya a daskararru, a taya da gas, zamu iya cewa da m, tarwatsewa a karshe motsi na kwayoyin. amma a daskararru, kwayoyin zauna a mafi yawan lokuta na musamman, tsayayyen matsayi.

The ruwa a cikin wannan hali ne mai irin tsakiya. A kusa da zazzabi a tafasa, da more kwayoyin suna motsi a cikin gas. Idan zafin jiki ne kusa da miƙa mulki ga m zamani, da microparticles fara motsa more kuma mafi ma'ana.

Canza jihar daga cikin abubuwa

La'akari da gaske sauki misali, canza ruwa yanayi. Ice - shi ne mai ɗamfarar lokaci na ruwa. Its zazzabi - kasa sifili. A zazzabi ya daidaita da sifili, da kankara ya narke, kuma ya jũya a cikin ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda halakar da crystal raga: a lokacin da tsanani da barbashi fara motsa. A zafin jiki a wanda wani abu ya canjãwa tara jihar da aka kira da narkewa batu (a cikin wannan harka da ruwa ne daidai 0). Ka lura cewa yawan zafin jiki na kankara zai kasance a wannan matakin har zuwa ta narkewa batu. Sunadaran ko kwayoyin daga cikin ruwa za ta motsa kamar yadda a daskararru.

Bayan nan, ta ci gaba da zafi da ruwa. A barbashi a wannan harka fara matsawa maida dai mu abu ya kai na gaba batu na canji a Jihar tari - tafasar batu. Irin wannan lokacin ya auku a hutu shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin kafa shi ta accelerating motsi - shi to, ya zama free a cikin yanayi, kuma an dauki da ruwa wuce a cikin gaseous lokaci. Kan aiwatar da canji na al'amarin (ruwa) daga ruwa lokaci zuwa gaseous kira tafasar.

A zafin jiki a wadda ruwa maruran, tafasar batu kira. A cikin yanayin wannan darajar ne daidai to 100 digiri Celsius (da yawan zafin jiki da dogara a kan matsa lamba, al'ada matsa lamba ne game da daya yanayi). Lura: yayin da akwai ruwa gaba ɗaya, an tuba zuwa ga tururi, da zazzabi da ya rage m.

A baya gwamnatin rikon kwarya aiwatar ruwa daga gaseous jihar (tururi) a cikin ruwa, da ake kira sandaro.

Bugu da ari, shi ne zai yiwu don tsayar da aiwatar da daskarewa - ruwa mika mulki (ruwa) a cikin m siffar (na farko a jihar aka bayyana a sama - shi ne kankara). The matakai aka bayyana a sama ba da damar samun wani kai tsaye martani a kan yadda za barbashi ana shirya a daskararru, taya da gas. The location da kuma yanayin kwayoyin na wani abu dogara a kan ta Jihar tari.

Mene ne m? The hali na microparticles a cikinsa?

M - wannan jiha ne abu yanayi, da rarrabe wanda shi ne don kula da akai siffar da m yanayin thermal motsi na microparticles aikata qananan hawa da sauka. The jiki iya zama a cikin m, ruwa da gaseous jihar. Akwai kuma a karo na hudu a jihar, wanda zamani malamai sun karkata zuwa sanyã wa da yawan tara - abin da ake kira jini.

Saboda haka, a farkon yanayin, wani abu kullum yana akai canzawa siffar da shi yana da manyan tasiri hanyar da barbashi ana shirya a daskararru. A microscopic matakin, ana gani cewa kwayoyin halitta da cewa yin up m, suna da alaka da juna ta hanyar sinadaran shaidu da suke a cikin crystal raga.

Amma akwai wani togiya - amorphous kayan, wanda suke m, amma gaban crystal raga ba zai iya fariya. An fara daga wannan, kuma zai iya ba da amsa ga yadda barbashi ana shirya a daskararru. Physics a farko idan ya nuna cewa sunadaran ko kwayoyin ne a raga shafukan. Amma a karo na biyu idan wani daga siffarsa domin, lalle ba, kuma wannan abu ne mafi kamar ruwa.

Physics da yiwu tsarin mai ɗamfarar jiki

A wannan yanayin, da kayan o ƙarin kula da ƙarfi kuma, ba shakka, form. Wancan ne, domin ya canza karshen,} o} arin da ya kamata a yi, da kuma ba kome ko da shi ne batu na wani karfe, wani yanki na roba ko lãka. Dalilin ta'allaka a cikin kwayoyin tsarin. Don zama mafi daidai yi magana, a cikin hulda da kwayoyin da cewa yin up jiki. A wannan yanayin su ne mafi kusa. Irin wannan tsari daya daga cikin kwayoyin ne iterative. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa sojojin na janye tsakanin kowanne daga cikin wadannan aka gyara sosai high.

The hulda da microparticles bayyana yanayin da motsi. Shape ko girma na wannan m jiki don daidaita a daya shugabanci ko wani yana da wuya. m barbashi na jiki da ikon matsawa da ka a ko'ina cikin girma da m jiki, amma zai iya kawai canza a kusa da wani musamman batu a sarari. m-jihar kwayoyin canza da ka a daban-daban kwatance, amma su yi tuntuɓe a kan kansa irin wannan cewa mayar da su zuwa ga asali jihar. Shi ya sa da barbashi a daskararru yawanci located in mai tsananin tsare domin.

Barbashi kuma su tsari a cikin m

M jikuna na iya zama na uku iri: crystalline, amorphous kuma composites. Shi ne da sinadaran abun da ke ciki rinjayar da wuri daga cikin barbashi a daskararru.

Crystalline daskararru da wani tsari kammalalle ba. Wadannan kwayoyin zarra ko kwayoyin samar da wata crystal raga na sarari daidai form. Saboda haka, m, wanda yake a cikin crystalline jihar, yana mai takamaiman crystal raga wanda, bi da bi, ƙayyade wani jiki Properties. Wannan ne amsar yadda barbashi ana shirya a wani m.

Ga wani misali: da yawa da suka wuce a St. Petersburg a cikin sito rike stock na m fari tin mashiga, wanda a low yanayin zafi suka rasa luster da kuma na fari karfe launin toka. Buttons marmashe su launin toka foda. "Tin annoba" - abin da ake kira "cuta", amma a gaskiya shi ne sake fasalin kudin na crystal tsarin ƙarƙashin rinjayar low zazzabi. Tin a miƙa mulki daga fari zuwa ruwan toka iri-iri crumbles zuwa foda. Lu'ulu'u, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi mono- da polycrystalline.

Single lu'ulu'u da polycrystalline

Single lu'ulu'u (sodium gishiri) - shi ne mai kama guda lu'ulu'u wakilta da ci gaba da crystal raga a cikin nau'i na yau da kullum da polygons. Polycrystals (yashi, sugar, karafa, da duwatsu) - suna crystalline jikin wanda suka girma tare da kananan, da ka rarraba lu'ulu'u. A lu'ulu'u lura sabon abu na anisotropy.

Amorphousness: musamman harka

Amorphous jiki (guduro, rosin, gilashin, amber) ba su share m domin a tsari na barbashi. Wannan sabon abu harka, a cikin abin da oda ne barbashi a daskararru. A wannan yanayin, akwai sabon abu na isotropic jiki Properties na amorphous daskararru suna guda a duk inda. A high yanayin zafi, suka zama kamar ruwa danko sosai, kuma a low - kamar daskararru. Lokacin da na waje da karfi a lokaci guda ya nuna na roba Properties, Ina nufin crack a lokacin da ya buge dada barbashi kamar yadda daskararru, da kuma fluidity: da yawan zafin jiki a kan shafe tsawon daukan hotuna fara gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu a matsayin wani ruwa. Ba su da tabbataccen narkewa da crystallization yanayin zafi. Lokacin da mai tsanani, tausasa amorphous jiki.

Misalan amorphous kayan

Dauki, misali, talakawa sukari da kuma sanin da wuri daga cikin barbashi a cikin daskararru, a daban-daban lokatai da misali. A wannan yanayin, wannan abu na iya faruwa a crystalline ko amorphous form. Lokacin da zubi sugar ne sannu a hankali solidifies, kwayoyin samar mike layuka - lu'ulu'u (tebur sugar ko sugar). Idan narke sugar, misali, zuba a cikin ruwan sanyi, sanyaya faru sosai da sauri, da kuma barbashi ba su da lokacin da za a samar da yau da kullum da layuka - da narke solidifies ba tare da kafa lu'ulu'u. Kamar yadda shi dai sugar alewa (wannan shi ne wani ba-crystalline sugar).

Amma bayan wani lokaci, wani abu za a iya recrystallized, da barbashi an tattara a yau da kullum da layuka. Idan sugar alewa kwanta watanni da dama, da shi za a fara da za a rufe a sako-sako da Layer. Tun da lu'ulu'u bayyana a kan surface. Sugar zai zama 'yan watanni zamani, da kuma ga wani dutse - miliyoyin shekaru. Musamman misali ne carbon. Graphite - wani crystalline carbon, ta lebur tsarin. A lu'u-lu'u - ne mafi wuya ma'adinai a duniya, shi ne iya yanka gilashin ya ga duwatsun, shi da ake amfani da hakowa da kuma polishing. A wannan yanayin daya abu - carbon, amma da alama ne da ikon samar daban-daban crystalline siffofin. Wannan shi ne wani amsar yadda barbashi ana shirya a wani m.

A sakamakon. ƙarshe

Tsarin da kuma shiri na barbashi a daskararru dogara a kan abin da irin nasa ne da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya. Idan abu ne crystalline, da wuri daga cikin microparticles zai sa ma'ana. A amorphous tsarin irin wannan alama da aka ba su mallaka. Amma composites iya mallakar biyu na farko da na biyu kungiyar.

A daya hali, da ruwa behaves kamar wancan zuwa m (a low zafin jiki, wanda yake kusa da crystallization zafin jiki), amma na iya haifar da gas (idan karuwa). Saboda haka, a cikin wannan Siffar kayan da aka dauke shi a matsayin barbashi an located ba kawai a daskararru da kuma a cikin sauran muhimman jihohin tari jamiái.