Tarihi da wutar lantarki a Rasha: fitowan da kuma ci gaban

Fitowan hanyoyin zamani na wutar lantarki amfani da aka riga da jerin binciken a kimiyyar lissafi da aikin injiniya, a warwatse a lokacin da dama ƙarni. Kimiyya ya bar mana tare da dozin sunayen da hannu a cikin wannan epoch-yin tsari. Daga cikin su akwai Rasha explorers.

The baka Petrova

A tarihin fitowan da wutar lantarki, dã mun kasance daban-daban idan ba don wani gwaji likita da aniya sanar Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). Wannan masanin kimiyyar, kore ta nasu kadan-gane son sani, ya ciyar da yawa gwaje-gwajen. A key nasara shi ne ya gano lantarki baka a 1802.

Petrov ya tabbatar da cewa ana iya amfani da ga m dalilai - ciki har da karfe waldi, Fitar da lighting. A lokaci guda a manyan galvanic baturi aka halitta da experimenter. Tarihi na wutar lantarki cin bashin da yawa zuwa Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov kyandir

Wani Rasha kirkiro wanda gudummawar da ci gaba a cikin makamashi kansu, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). A 1875, ya halicci wani carbon baka fitilu. Bayan ya samu da sunan "Yablochkov kyandir." Domin da farko lokacin da sabuwar dabara da aka nuna wa jama'a a Paris Duniya Nunin. Don haka ya rubuta tarihin asalin duniya. Wutar lantarki, a ji a cikin abin da amfani da su fahimcẽ shi, muna samun kusa.

Fitilar Yablochkov, duk mai neman sauyi ideas da dama m flaws. Bayan disconnecting daga tushen shi ya mutu daga, da kuma sake fara kyandir ne ba zai yiwu. Duk da haka, tarihin wutar lantarki asalin da hakkin ya fita a cikin tarihin da sunan Bulus Yablochkov.

Iskar Wutar Lodygina

A farko m abubuwan da suka shafi birane lantarki fitilu, da aka gudanar Aleksandrom Lodyginym a St. Petersburg a 1873. Shi ya ƙirƙira Lagwani fitilar. Duk da haka, yunkurin da kasa ya gabatar da sabon samfurin a cikin wani taro aiki - shi ya gaza kai a alkuki a ubiquitous gas fitilu. Lamban kira ga tungsten filament aka sayar zuwa kasashen waje kamfanin General Electric.

Rasha masu goyon baya, duk da haka, bai rasa babbar sha'awa. Jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na farko "Electric Lighting Company" ya samu dama zuwa tsirar Lagwani kwararan fitila. Grandiose da tsare-tsaren da aka ba da za'ayi saboda zubar da jini, da tattalin arziki ƙi, kuma janar hasãra. By 1917, Lagwani kwararan fitila sun kawai a cikin m kadarori na nasara Stores, kuma haka a kan .. A general, ko da a cikin biyu dajiya kawai na uku daga cikin gine-gine rufe wannan ɗaukar hoto. Domin da wutar lantarki mai yawa mutane da abin ya shafa kamar yadda ga m alatu, da kuma kowane sabon nuni lighting ja hankalin dubban 'yan ƙasa.

"Power Transmission"

Zai yiwu labarin da zargin da wutar lantarki a Rasha a can zai zama daban-daban, idan nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni. akwai wani irin matsalolin da wutar lantarki. Idan masana'antu, kauyuka ko garuruwan bayar da kansu tare da wani sabon tushen samar da makamashi, sun yi saya janareto da low iko. Amma duk da haka akwai wani jihar kudade da wutar lantarki shirye-shirye. Idan wannan shi ne wani yunƙuri na birni, shi yawanci na nufin wani sabon abu ya tsaya daga cikin bins da ajiye asusun.

Wutar Lantarki Tarihi ya nuna cewa, manyan canje-canje a hade da wutar lantarki, kasar cimma kawai bayan da suka bayyana cikakken iko. Ko sa'an nan, da ikon waɗannan kamfanoni isa ya samar da makamashi na duka yankuna. A farko ikon shuka a Rasha ta bayyana a 1912, da kuma Mafarin halittarsa kasance duk daya "Electric Lighting Company."

A yi site ya kasance irin wannan muhimmanci kayayyakin Moscow lardin. A tashar da ake kira "ikon." An dauke da kafa uba na aiwatar m Robert Classon. A ikon shuka, wanda aiki a yau, Bears sunansa. Da farko amfani da man fetur peat. Klasson kaina ya zaɓi shafin kusa da jiki na ruwa (na ruwa da ake bukata domin sanyaya). Hakar na peat a lura Ivan Radchenko, wanda kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin juyin juya hali da kuma wani memba na RSDLP.

Godiya ga "ikon" tarihin wutar lantarki aikace-aikace samu wani sabon haske page. Domin ta lokaci shi ne na musamman da kwarewa. Energy aka kawota zuwa Moscow, amma nesa ya 75 kilomita tsakanin birni da kuma tashar. Wannan na nufi cewa ya zama dole ya rike wani high-ƙarfin lantarki line, analogues na wanda ya ba tukuna a Rasha. A halin da ake ciki da wahala da cewa a cikin ƙasa akwai wani dokokin gudãnar da aiwatar da irin wannan ayyukan. A igiyoyi kamata wuce ta ƙasar yawa daraja kadarori. Masu makeshift tashar kaina bypassed aristocrats kuma kokarin lallashe su, don tallafa wa da himma. Duk da dukan matsaloli, mu gudanar rike da line, da kuma m tarihi na wutar lantarki samu wani tsanani m. Moscow samu ta makamashi.

Station da kuma trams

Sun bayyana a cikin czarist zamanin, da kuma karami sikelin-shuka. Tarihi da wutar lantarki a Rasha gare yawa da Jamusanci industrialist Werner von Siemens. A 1883 ya yi aiki a kan festive haske na Moscow Kremlin. Bayan na farko nasara gwaninta ya kamfanin (wanda zai daga baya zama da aka sani a matsayin duniya-fadi da damuwa) Ya halitta lighting tsarin na Winter Palace da kuma Nevsky Prospekt a St. Petersburg. A 1898, akwai wani karamin ikon shuka a cikin babban birnin kasar zuwa kewaye da tashar. A Belgians sun kashe a irin wannan kamfani a kan embankment, da kuma Jamus - ko da daya a cikin Novgorod titi.

Tarihi na wutar lantarki da aka rage ba ne kawai don bayyanar da shuke-shuke. A farko tram a Rasha Empire bayyana a cikin 1892, a Kiev. A St. Petersburg, da sabon nau'i na jama'a kai a cikin 1907 kaddamar da wani makamashi m Heinrich Graftio. Masu zuba jari na aikin kasance da Jamus. Lokacin da yaki ya barke tare da Jamus, da suka da aka fitar na Rasha babban birnin kasar, da kuma aikin ne a kan lokaci froze.

A farko hydroelectric iko tashar

Domestic tarihi na wutar lantarki a sarauta lokacin da alama na farko kananan hydroelectric iko shuke-shuke. A farkon bayyana a Zyryanovsk nawa a cikin Altai Mountains. Mafi daraja ya sauko a kan tashar a St. Petersburg a kan kogin Manyan Okhta. Daya daga cikin magina aka guda Robert Classon. Kislovodsk hydroelectric "White Coal" aiki a matsayin wani tushen samar da makamashi ga 400 streetlights, tram Lines da kuma amfani da ma'adinai ruwaye.

By 1913, a daban-daban Rasha koguna sun riga dubban kananan samar da wutar lantarki. Masana sun kiyasta total damar 19 wutar. The most hydroelectric tashar kasance da Hindu Kush a Turkestan (yana aiki har yau). A wannan yanayin, a kan Hauwa'u na yakin duniya na farko akwai wani m Trend a cikin tsakiyar lardunan girmamawa a kan gina thermal ikon shuke-shuke, da kuma a cikin m larduna - by ikon ruwa. haifar da wutar lantarki ga Rasha tarihi na birnin ya fara da manyan zuba jari daga kasashen waje. Ko ga tashar kayan aiki kusan duk abin da aka waje. Alal misali, turbines sayi ko'ina - daga Austria, Hungary zuwa Amurka.

A cikin tsawon 1900-1914 gg. da kudi na wutar lantarki na Rasha ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai wani m murdiya. Da wutar lantarki da aka kawota, yafi ga masana'antu, amma da bukatar gida kayan zauna low. A key shi ne matsalar ci gaba da zama cikin rashin wani Karkasa kasar modernization shirin. Motsi gaba da kamfanoni, yayin ga mafi part - waje. Jamus da kuma Belgians yafi kudaden ayyukan da biyu dajiya, da kuma kokarin ba wa hadarin da albarkatun a wani m Rasha lardin.

da wutar lantarki

Wanda ya zo ikon bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da Bolsheviks a 1920, ta amince da shirin da wutar lantarki na kasar. Its raya fara a lokacin yakin basasa. The shugaban hukumar (na wutar lantarki - Jihar hukumar wutar lantarki na Rasha) da aka nada Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, wanda tuni ya kwarewa aiki tare da daban-daban da makamashi ayyukan. Alal misali, ya taimaka Robert Classon Station a kan Turf a Moscow lardin. A cikin duka, da hukumar halitta da shirin, a hada game da ɗari biyu injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya.

Ko da yake aikin da aka yi nufi ga ci gaban makamashi, shi kuma rinjayar da dukan Soviet tattalin arzikin. A zo Stalingrad Hoor Shuka matsayin co-kamfani da wutar lantarki. A sabon unguwar masana'antu samo asali a cikin Kuznetsk ci tasa, wanda ya fara ci gaban da sararin albarkatun da adibas.

A cikin wannan shirin na da wutar lantarki shi ne da za a gina 30 gundumar ikon dabi'u (10 kuma 20 HPP TPP). Mutane da yawa na wadannan kamfanoni aiki a yau. Daga gare su, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura Chelyabinsk kuma thermal ikon shuke-shuke, kazalika da Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod da Dnieper HPP. Aiwatar da shirin ya kai ga zargin wani sabon tattalin arziki regionalization kasar. Tarihi na haske da kuma wutar lantarki ba za a iya nasaba da ci gaba da kai tsarin. Godiya ga wutar lantarki, da sabon Railways, hanyõyi, kuma da Volga-Don Canal. Shi ne ta hanyar wannan shirin fara masana'antu na kasar, da kuma tarihin wutar lantarki a Rasha juya wani muhimmanci page. Saka da wutar lantarki hari da aka hadu a shekarar 1931.

Ikon da War

A kan Hauwa'u na Great Patriotic War, jimlar damar da wutar lantarki da Tarayyar Soviet ya game miliyan 11 kilowatts. Jamus mamayewa da kuma halakar da wani babban ɓangare na kayayyakin ƙwarai rage wadannan Figures. Kan bango na wannan bala'i a jihar Tsaro kwamitin sanya gina shuke-shuke da samar da ikon, wani ɓangare na tsaro domin.

Tare da kwato cikin yankuna shagaltar da ta Jamus, ya fara aiwatar da maimaitawa na halaka ko lalace shuke-shuke. A mafi muhimmanci da aka samu Svir, da Dnieper, da kuma Baksan HPP Ķegums da Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP da Dubrovskaya. Samar da wutar lantarki birane watsi da Jamusawa a farko da za'ayi ta hanyar powertrains. A farko wannan mobile tashar zo a Stalingrad. By 1945, m ikon gudanar ya isa pre-yaki samar Figures. Ko wani taƙaitaccen tarihin wutar lantarki ya nuna cewa hanyar zamanintar da kasar ta kasance arduous da tortuous.

kara ci gaba da

Bayan farko na duniya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta ci gaba da gina mafi girma a duk duniya TPP da HPP. Energy shirin da aka za'ayi daidai da manufa na kara karkashin shugabancin tsakiya dukan masana'antu. By 1960, wutar lantarki tsara karu da 6 sau idan aka kwatanta da 1940. By 1967 th ƙare da aiwatar da samar da wani hadade makamashi tsarin, kawo tare da dukan Turai bangare na kasar. A cibiyar sadarwa hada 600 tashoshin. Su duka damar ya miliyan 65 kilowatts.

Daga bisani girmamawa a bunkasa ababen more rayuwa ya kasance a kan da kuma Far East Asian yankuna. Wannan An šanyi bayyana da cewa shi ne, akwai mayar da hankali game da 4/5 na samar da wutar lantarki albarkatun da Tarayyar Soviet. "Electric," wata alama ce da 1960s ya erection a kan Angara Bratsk HPP. Bayan nan kuma ya bayyana a kama tashar a kan Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Samar da wutar lantarki ta samo asali da kuma Far East. A shekarar 1978, a cikin gida na Soviet jama'a ya fara shiga cikin halin yanzu da cewa samar Zeya hydroelectric tashar. Its tsawo daga cikin dam - 123 mita, da kuma ikon fitarwa - 1330 MW. A mu'ujiza na aikin injiniya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet aka dauke da Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Aikin da aka aiwatar a wani wuya sauyin yanayi na Siberia da kuma karkara daga manyan birane da zama dole masana'antu. Mutane da yawa daga cikin bayani (kamar hydro turbines) ya tafi zuwa ga yi site fadin Arctic Ocean, yin hanyar 10 kilomita dubu.

A farkon shekarun 1980s, muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin makamashi balance na Soviet tattalin arzikin. A kara irin rawa da makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. A 1980, da rabonsu a samar da makamashi da aka 5%, kuma a shekarar 1985 - riga 10%. Locomotive masana'antu ya Obninsk nukiliya ikon shuka. A wannan lokacin ne ya fara kara serial yi na nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, amma tattalin arziki da rikicin da chernobyl masifa ragae saukar da tsari.

wayewar

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet akwai wani karu da zuba jari a fannin wutar lantarki. Stations da aka gina, amma har yanzu ba a kammala, aka kiyaye su a cikin manyan yawa. A shekarar 1992, guda layin wutar da aka kafa a rao "UES na Rasha". Yana bai taimaka don kauce wa wani tsari rikicin a wuya tattalin arzikin.

Biyu iska ikon masana'antu ya zo a cikin XXI karni. Mutane da yawa Soviet koma yi. Alal misali, a shekara ta 2009, shi kammala gina Bureya HPP fara da baya a shekarar 1978. Gina da kuma makamashin nukiliya: Baltic, Beloyarsk, Birnin Leningrad, Rostov.