Henry G. Yagoda, shugaban na NKVD: biography

Genrikh Yagoda ya da jama'ar kasar Commissar na harkokin da Tarayyar Soviet a 1934-1936 gg. Ya zama daya daga cikin "jin dadi" na Stalin ta gulag, da Oganeza na taro repressions na zamani. A lokacin babban Firgitar, ya kasance daga cikin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na NKVD. Berry aka zarge shi da leken asiri da kuma mãkirci juyin mulki da kuma ƙarshe harbe.

farkon shekaru

Genrikh Yagoda zo daga Yaren mutanen Poland Yahudawa. Ya real name - Anuhu Gershevich Yehuda. Revolutionary aka haife Nuwamba 19, 1891 a Rybinsk - wani gari dake a cikin Yaroslavl lardin. Kamar 'yan watanni bayan haihuwar yaro da iyali koma Nizhny Novgorod.

Henry G. Berry aka alaka zuwa wani sanannun Bolshevik - Yakov Sverdlov, ya je wa na biyu dan uwan. Ubanninsu yi aiki da firintocinku da master kan sarki kuma like cewa yunkuri amfani a jabu. Heinrich da biyar da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da' yan'uwa biyu. Iyalinsa zauna a talauci. Duk da haka, yaro (bayan wani tafi) sauke karatu daga Simbirsk dakin motsa jiki.

A bugu Berries - Bolsheviks Sverdlov kasance sosai daban-daban zamo. Alal misali, a hannu up Nikolay Semashko - Lenin ta gaba lafiya Commissar. Nizhny Novgorod shi ma mahaifar Maksima Gorkogo (sai suka zama abokai tare da Henry a kan Hauwa'u na da juyin juya halin).

"Mujiya"

A key taron, bayan da halin canza rayuwar wani yãro, ya kashewar wana Michael. A wannan yanayi, Henry G. Berry ya kama da Lenin. Michael hacked Cossacks a lokacin da 1905 juyin juya halin. A bakin ciki rabo jiran sauran ɗan'uwansa, Leo. Ya samu kiran a cikin rundunar sojojin Kolchak, kuma a 1919 aka kashe musharaka a cikin tawaye a rajimanti. Amma shi ya mutuwar Michael, ya faru da zama a kan barricades sanya na Henry neman sauyi.

Girma, Berry kamar yadda Anarchist-gurguzu ya zama da hannu a cikin doka gwagwarmaya. Royal gendarmes kira shi "Sychom" da "Lonely" (tare da zaga m irin).

A 1911, da juyin juya halin Musulunci ya isa a Moscow. A kan umarnin da gwarazansa ya yi su tsayar da lambobi tare da na gida kamar shiryayye mutane da kuma taimakawa a cikin kungiyar na banki fashi. Saba da makircin, nan gaba Mutane ta Commissar na harkokin da Tarayyar Soviet, ya fāɗa a hannun 'yan sanda. A wata hanya, ya yi sa'a. Na zargin saurayin samu kawai ƙarya takardun. Kamar yadda wani bayahude ne, kuma ya same shi ba tare da izinin Moscow, ya karya dokar da Kodadde na warware. Berry aka yi kokari da kuma yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyu na gudun hijira a Simbirsk.

A St. Petersburg

A 1913, wani m siyasa afuwa da aka ayyana a cikin girmamawa ga 300th tunawa da Romanov daular a Rasha. Godiya mata, kadan gaba da Berry samu kansa a yanci. Link to Simbirsk ƙare da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci sun legally koma St. Petersburg. Domin wannan, ya ƙa'ida barranta Yahudanci da tuba zuwa Orthodoxy (Kodadde na warware sarrafa ta bayanan maimakon a kasa akai).

Henry G. Berry da kuma addini ya kõme ba su yi. Duk da haka, bisa ga doka ya da bãbu wani hakki a wani zindikanci da kawai sai ya tafi zuwa ga kirjinsa na Orthodox Church.

A St. Petersburg, Berry hadu Nikolai Podvoisky, bayan juyin juya hali, ya zama na farko da mutane ke commissar na sojin kasar. Godiya ta zuwa ga neman sauyi taimakon fara aiki a cikin inshora sashen a cikin Putilov factory. Podvoisky ya kuma wa-KGB Arbuzov da kuma itacen al'ul: ya bude ya protege, a dukan sabuwar duniya na yiwuwa.

A 1915, Henry G. Berry aka girke a cikin fadar sojojin, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga gaban yakin duniya na farko. Ya tashi zuwa ga daraja da kofur, amma aka yi masa rauni, kuma aka zarar fuskantarsu. A 1916, Henry koma zuwa Petrograd.

Juyin juya halin da kuma Cheka

Bayan da Fabrairu juyin juya halin Berry yi aiki a cikin jaridar "Karkara matalauta" da kuma "Soja ta gaskiya." A lokacin rani na 1917, ya shiga cikin Bolshevik Party. Daga baya ya zai kwanta, cewa shiga gare su da baya a 1907, amma wannan ya karyata da masana tarihi almarar da karatu.

A lokacin da Oktoba events Berry yana cikin farin ciki na abubuwa a Petrograd. A 1918, ya fara aiki a Cheka-OGPU. Na farko, da tsaro jami'in aiki a cikin soja dubawa. Sa'an nan dangi Sverdlov da Dzerzhinsky canjawa wuri shi zuwa Moscow.

Saboda haka Henry G. Berry yana cikin Special Sashin. Ya kasance musamman kusa da Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. Lokacin da ya rasu, Dzerzhinsky, da karshen gangarawa cikin Cheka-OGPU, Yagoda kuma ya zama mataimakinsa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da farko na cutar shugaba sa'a mai hawan duwatsu ci gaba da ainihin management na jami'an tsaro.

m albashi

Ko da a cikin 1919-1920. Berry ya yi aiki a cikin Commissariat na harkokin ciniki. Akwai ya kafa wata riba tare da haɗin gwiwar jami'an tsaro Aleksandrom tafarkin da ya fara Bama hukumar daga kasashen waje asasshe. Biyu maza kwashe dukan abin da miyagun faduwa. Da shi shi ne cewa da jama'ar kasar Commissariat na harkokin ciniki tun da kafuwar ne a hankali alaka da Cheka. jama'a tsaro hukuma kwace dukiya mai daraja, da kuma hukumar sayar da Lurie ta irin kasashen waje don wuya kudin.

Henry G. Yagoda, wanda biography yayi magana da shi a matsayin mai zurfi m, kuma m mutum, a cikin wannan ma'ana, ya markedly daban-daban daga qa'ida ta Dzerzhinsky da Menzhinsky. Cin hanci da rashawa Chekist son Stalin. Lokacin da a nuna na 20-30-ies. ya yi yaƙi domin tafin ikon, ya soja kurum marar da goyon bayan berries. Babu daya kuma bã da sauran rasa. Berry sanya shi a kan mutumin ƙarshe ya zama mai mulkin danniya, kuma Stalin san game da fraudulent suna Berries yanzu iya ci da ceto, m biyayya.

Cif da Commissar

Duk da sadaukar da zama ƙarƙashin Soviet shugaban, da dangantaka iya wuya a kira manufa. A cikin marigayi 1920s, Stalin ya kullum quite sanyi ga Berry, kamar yadda aka bayar da taimaka wa Yakov Sverdlov, da kuma tsakanin Sverdlov da Stalin har zuwa bare tun lokacin da reference turukhanskoy ji wani m tashin hankali. Takarda zuwa Babban Jami'in Tsaro girke tare da taka tsantsan, idan ba ku tsõron.

A tsanani matsalar domin berries bayan kafa na Stalinist mulkin kama karya shi ne ya haihuwa da abota da Bukharin. Ya ma da aka ambata shugaban GPU kamar guda tsaro jami'in, za ka iya count a cikin gwagwarmaya da Stalin. A lokaci guda tunku? Ãwa Berry featured a cikin kisan umarni, himma da kuma hali shirye ya aikata duk wani laifi Executioner. Stalin samu wasu daidai kuzari da kuma zartarwa mutumin a cikin NKVD kawai 'yan shekaru. An juya ta Nikolai Yezhov. Amma a farkon thirties Stalin dole sha wahala Berry da kuma gina aikin da shi.

Mutane ta Commissar na harkokin

Berry rasa erudition Menzhinsky da kuma tsantseni Dzerzhinsky. Ya zarar tsare bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai Juma'a a kan sarkar." A kamfanin na abokai a lokacin nauyi libation ya ƙaunace ineptly karanta Littafin waqoqi, amma ya rasa da m iyawa. Private haruffa Berries aka sharkaf expressionless da rashin ruwa. A babban birnin kasar, ya kasance m, kuma ko da yaushe ji kishin lardin shugabannin jam'iyya a mafi goge da kuma annashuwa. Amma shi ne daidai irin wannan mutum ga wani lõkaci Stalin sa duba jami'an tsaro a ko'ina cikin kasar.

A 1934, sabon Mutane ta Commissariat na NKVD da jama'ar kasar Commissar na harkokin da Tarayyar Soviet Berry ma tsiwirwirinsu iko da babban Jihar Tsaro an halitta. Ya jagoranci mafi overgrown haramta shi jiha inji cewa Stalin aka shirya wani sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe da abokan adawar na wannan gwamnatin.

A cikin sabon damar Berry tsunduma a cikin halittar kuma kungiyar na aikin da Gulag. Tarayyar Soviet na wani dan gajeren lokaci rufe cibiyar sadarwa na sansanonin, wanda sun zama wani muhimmanci na da Stalinist tsarin tattalin arziki da kuma daya daga cikin injuna na kara samar da masana'antu. A karkashin kai tsaye jagorancin jama'ar kasar Commissar gudanar da wata babbar Gulag gini na cewa lokaci - da gina fadar White Sea-Baltic Canal. Don gyara wani akida view of aukuwa Berry shirya wani tafiya zuwa Maksima Gorkogo. Af, da jama'ar kasar Commissar na marubuci da gudummawar da koma Tarayyar Soviet (kafin ya rayu a kan Italian tsibirin Capri shekaru da dama).

Berries a kan wannan dangantaka da marubuci ta bita iyakar. Kamar yadda shugaban na siyasa da 'yan sanda, hakika ya bi da biyayya da m masana ga ikon. Bugu da kari, matarsa kuwa Ida Berry L. Auerbach. Wanta Leopold kasance daya daga cikin mafi yayata na masu sukar da kuma marubuta daga cikin lokaci. A Ida da Henry ya daya dan - ma Henry (ko Garik, kamar yadda aka kira a cikin iyali). Yaron da aka haife shi a shekara ta 1929. Mutane ta Commissar ƙaunar da kamfanin na marubuta, mawaka da kuma artists. Suka sha mai kyau ruhohi, kuma ya yi magana da kyau mata, sa'an nan akwai wani hanya na rayuwa, game da abin da ya yi mafarki na tsaro jami'in.

Akwai a Berries da kuma sana'a kasawa. Alal misali, wanda ya yi a yarda da tsohon shugaban tsarist 'yan sanda Lopuchin je Faransa. Ya zama wani defector. A 20-30th stably girma yawan majalisar. Stalin kusan kowace yanayin da ake infuriating. Ya tsawata berries sakaci, ko da ɗan gudun hijira bai mallaki wani musamman ilmi da an talakawa ilimi.

da m hadari

A 1935, Berry samu wani sabon suna, cewa kafin babu wanda ya kasafta. Yanzu ya aka sani da "General Kwamishinan Jama'a Tsaro." Irin wannan shi ne m gata na musamman alamar Stalin ni'imar.

Soviet shugaban kawai kamar taba bukatar da sabis na bãwa shugaban na NKVD. A shekarar 1936, birnin Moscow bakuncin farko tsari. A wannan show fitina hukunci Stalin ta haihuwa abõkan tarayya a cikin jam'iyyar Bolshevik na Zinoviev da Kamenev.

Karkashin latsa na danniya hit da sauran yunkuri, wanda a lokaci daya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Lenin, kuma bai da lãbãri a gare su tsananta a matsayin indisputable dalĩli. Daya daga wadannan mutane shi ne Mikhail Tomsky. Bai jira domin kotun da kuma kashe kansa. A bayanin kula nufi ga Stalin, ya koma ga Berry a ji cewa shi ma ya zama na jam'iyyar adawa, a kan abin da lokaci da kuma aikata tashin hankali. Mutane ta Commissar ya a cikin mutum hadari.

tsaro

A cikin fall na 1936, Berry samu wani sabon aiki da ya zama shugaban da al'umma ta Commissariat na Communications. A karshe duka a kan shi aka dakatarda. Opal ya zama wani dogon radadin dãko. Ko da yake zahiri kau daga post na jama'ar kasar Commissar na harkokin da nada wani post kama da matsayin episode da ta yi nasara aiki, shi ne wuya Berry ba zai iya fahimtar abin da aka zuwan. Duk da haka, ya bai yi kuskure ki da Stalin sun amince da wani sabon aiki.

The People ta Commissariat na Communications wulãkantu KGB jami'in zauna a bit. A farkon 1937 shi ya rasa, kuma wannan post. Bugu da ƙari, tir Commissar ware su daga sahu na CPSU (b). A Fabrairu Plenum na kwamitin tsakiya, ya aka mai tsanani soki da gazawar da ya sashen.

Maris 28, Yagoda aka kama da nasa 'yan qarqashinsu. Hari a kan gwamnati jiya hana wani sarari suKe jagoranci New jama'ar kasar Commissar na NKVD Nikolay Ezhov. Wadannan biyu, duk da kansa abotar, ya fara da tarihin daya daga cikin mai yawan Figures. Wannan Yezhov da Yagoda su ne ainihin cin zarafin da manyan sikelin-Stalinist danniya na 1930s.

A lokacin da wani search na sallame Commissar dangane samu haramta Trotskyist wallafe-wallafe. Ba da da ewa bi ta da sukan leƙo asirin ƙasa, mãkirci da kisan gillar da Stalin ta wani shirin juyin mulki. A binciken da ya nasaba Berry da Trotsky, Bukharin da Rykov - wadanda mutanen da kansu, wanda ya tursasa kwanan nan rayayye ciyar. A mãkirci da aka bayyana a matsayin "Trotskyist-farkisanci '. By da zargin da aka shiga ta perennial abokan aiki Berries - .. Yakubu Agranov Semyon Firin, Leonid Zakovsky Stanislav Redens Fedor Eyhmans, da dai sauransu Dukan su ne halin da ake zargi a matsayin mutum da rashin cancanta da iyaka, hamayya da shi ilimi da kuma akida Menzhinsky.

Wife Berries ma sha wahala danniya. Abu na farko da ta yi watsi da daga aiki a cikin m ofishin, sa'an nan aka kama maƙiyi daga cikin mutanen da iyali. Auerbach tafi tare da dansa, shi da uwarsa gudun hijira zuwa Orenburg. Ba da da ewa mace aka harbe.

Bugu da kari, Berry aka tuhuma da kisan da Maksima Peshkova - dansa Maksima Gorkogo (a gaskiya ya mutu daga ciwon huhu). Zargin da kisan kiyashin da ya faru saboda sirri dalilai. Berry ya gaske a cikin soyayya da Hope Peshkov - bazawara na Maxim. The kisan kuma zargi manyan sakataren Soviet marubuci Petra Kryuchkova.

harbi

Berries da yawa shi ne wani ɓangare na wani janar tsari na uku Moscow (a hukumance shi ne ake kira da aiwatar da anti-Soviet "kungiyar na Rights kuma Trotskyites"). Jama'a shari'a da aka gudanar a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1938. An tare da wani manyan gwamnati farfaganda a kafofin watsa labarai. A jaridu da aka buga bude haruffa zuwa iri-iri na jama'a da kuma talakawa mutane, a cikin abin da suka kasance dauke cin amanar ta miƙa zuwa harba "kamar mahaukaci karnuka" da sauransu. D.

Berry nemi (da kuma bukatar da aka sanya) zuwa ga tambaya na da dangantaka da Nadezhda Peshkova da kuma kashe Maksima Peshkova dauke a raba hanya a mai zaman kansa taron. Key aukuwa na leken asirin da kuma cin amanar kasa tattauna bayyane. Berry tambayar da m da m Andrei Vyshinsky - protagonist na Moscow gwaji.

Maris 13, 1938 da wanda ake kira da aka samu da laifi kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Clinging rayuwa, Berry rubuta a takarda domin tausayi. Yana da aka ƙi. A Maris 15, tsohon Mutane ta Commissar na harkokin na harbi. Ba kamar sauran kare kansu a cikin tsari, Berry ba a gyara.