Tẽku ruwa

MDD Resolution gabatar da shekara-shekara Duniya Ruwa Day, wadda aka yi bikin a kasashe daban-daban a ranar 22 ga watan Maris. A wannan rana ayyukan, haƙiƙa na rike da kuma ci gaban albarkatun ruwa da cewa suna located in koguna, Lakes, canals, ajiya, tekuna da kuma tekuna, karkashin kasa kafofin matsayin ƙasa danshi, iyakacin duniya kankara da dutse, ko vapors a cikin yanayi. All albarkatun hada da surface da karkashin kasa da kafofin da za a iya amfani ko amfani ga mutum bukatun. A total girma na (ruwa, gaseous ko m) a Duniya ne 1.39 biliyan cubic mita, da kuma kawai kasa da 3% na dukkan albarkatun zama dole a kan sabo kayayyaki.

A tekuna da ruwaye na da most adadin ruwa (game da 98%) na surface kafofin. Chemistry shi dabam dangane da wuri da kuma lokaci na shekara. Sea ruwa ya ƙunshi narkar da ions yawa fiye da kowane irin sabo ne. Har ila yau, a kaifi bambanci rabo daga abubuwa narkar da shi. Alal misali, a cikin teku, da teku dauke da kimanin 2.8 sau mafi bicarbonate fiye da a koguna, duk da haka da matauni rabo daga gare su, dangane da duk narkar da ions ne da yawa m (0.14%) fiye da a kogin kafofin (48%). Wannan shi ne saboda da daban-daban zama lokaci na solutes. sodium ions da chlorine ake narkar da, yayin da alli da aka precipitated kamar yadda carbonate. Da abun ciki na fi na kowa ions a daya kilogram na teku ruwa ne kamar haka:

• chloro (0.546 moles).
• sodium (0.469 moles).
• magnesium (0.0528 mol).
• sulfate (0.0282 moles).
• alli (0.0103 moles).
• potassium (0.0102 mol).

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Manuniya, wanda aka halin teku ruwa - shi ne m. An auna a kowace mille (‰) da kuma shi ne daban-daban ga dukkan tekuna da kuma tekuna. A talakawan darajar gwargwado na 35 ‰, Ina nufin 1 lita a cikin bayani ne 35 g na salts, yafi sodium chloride. Tare da wani talakawan gwargwado na na farko abun da ke ciki na ruwa kamar haka:

• oxygen, 85,84%.
• H 10,82%.
• chlorine 1,94%.
• 1,1292% magnesium.
• Sodium 1,08%.
• sulfur 0,091%.
• 0,04% alli.
• Potassium 0,04%.
• 0,0067% bromine.
• 0,0028% carbon.

Seawater a surface at 25 ° C yana da wani talakawan yawa na 1,025 g / cm3 - shi ne mafi girma fiye da na tsarki wanda yawa a 25C ne daidai 1,003 g / cm3. Yawa - wani jiki yawa da ciwon kai tsaye dogara a kan gishiri taro da kishiya na zazzabi. A mafi narkar da salts da hakan yawa. A kasan zafin jiki na teku ruwa, da girma da yawa. A zafin jiki a mafi yawa debe 3,52S ga marine da 3,98S da tsarki. Amma wadannan dabi'u ba kawai ya bambanta, daga tushen zuwa source, amma kuma dogara ne a kan zurfin at su wadda aka auna. A mafi girma zurfin da yawa zai iya isa dabi'u na 1,050 g / cm3 ko mafi girma. Canza ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki kamar yadda aka fili gani a PH darajar, wanda dabam a cikin 7,5-8,4 (weakly alkaline matsakaici), da kuma saboda yanayi na narkar da ions da su maida hankali. A mafi girma surface PH fiye da a zurfin. Baruwan kuma weakly acidic yanayi za a iya girgiza yankunan. A mafi PH darajar (magangara mafi ƙasƙanci taro na hydrogen ions) ne ko da yaushe lura a teku surface.

A misãlin zafin jiki na teku ruwa rage-rage tare da kara, gwargwado (maida hankali narkar da salts). Tare da wani talakawan gwargwado shi freezes a zazzabi a debe 2C. A 2010, shi da aka rubuta a cikin tarihi na magangara mafi ƙasƙanci da zazzabi a wani rafi karkashin Antarctic gleiser a lokacin da auna debe 2,6S. Akwai sauran halaye da cewa nuna bambanci tsakanin kafofin da su canzawa dangane da wasu sigogi. Alal misali, da gudun sauti a 0C. Yana wuce ta marine yanayi domin 1 biyu 1.450 m, kuma ta hanyar da tsabta -. 1407 m Sea ruwa a 25C yana da wani tsauri danko 9,02 millipuaza. Don tsabta yanayi, wannan halaye a wannan zafin jiki daidai 8,09 millipuaza.

Sea ruwa amfani don sha saboda babban taro na ma'adinai salts. Lokacin da ta yi amfani da bukatar sha mai yawa fiye da tsabta ruwa kawo duk samu ta gishiri daga jiki. Saboda haka sha kawai sabo da ruwa, bayan ya narkar da a cikinta ba fiye da 0,001 g / cm3 salts. Saboda ta karanci gini da kafuwa da kuma amfani da musamman hanyoyin domin rage gishiri taro. Wadannan sun hada da daskarewa, barasan, electrolysis, ion musayar, baya osmosis, rabuwa (hydrodynamic rabuwa). Alal misali, a Kazakhstan, Aktau (da aka sani da Shevchenko) da aka gina a shekarar 1972, kuma ya yi aiki ga kusan shekaru 30, a duniya kawai nukiliya ikon shuka ga ruwa desalination.