The United States bayan yakin duniya na II: tarihin, halaye da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Tare da karshen yakin duniya na II, Amurka kan daidai da Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance daya daga cikin biyu a duniya superpowers. Amurka taimake dauke Turai daga kango, mun samu goguwa da tattalin arziki da alƙaluma da albarku. A kasar fara aiwatar da kawar fata da kuma nuna bambancin launin fata. A lokaci guda a al'ummar {asar Amirka juya anti-kwaminisanci farfaganda na Sanata McCarthy magoya bayan. Duk da haka, duk da dukan ciki da waje gwaji, kasar ta gudanar ya tsare kuma ƙarfafa ta matsayi a matsayin manyan mulkin demokra] iyya na da kasashen yammacin duniya.

sabon superpower

A lokacin da a 1939 a Turai ta fara jini yaki, gwamnatin {asar Amirka kokarin zauna daga manyan-sikelin rikici. Duk da haka, da ya fi tsayi da adawa, da ƙasa da ya rage zai yiwu don kula da wani isolationist siyasa. A karshe, a 1941, akwai da kai hari a kan Pearl Harbor. Mayaudari Japan hari prompted Washington don sake ta tsare-tsaren. Saboda haka pre-ayyana rawar da Amurka bayan yakin duniya na II. American jama'a ne sõyayya a cikin "jihadi" XX karni, da manufar wanda shi ne nasara a kan Nazis da kawayensu.

Na uku Reich aka ci, da barin Turai a kufai. Paramount tattalin arziki da siyasa muhimmanci na Old World (musamman da Birtaniya da kuma Faransa) ya raurawa. The United States bayan yakin duniya na II shagaltar da ya maye gurbin alkuki. By duk alamomi mun gwada weakly sha wahala daga munin baya shekaru, kasar ta zama wajaba dauke da wani superpower.

"Marshall Shirin"

A shekara ta 1948 ya fara dokar samarwa da Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka George Marshall "Turai farfadowa da na'ura na Shirin", wanda kuma ake kira da "Marshall Shirin." Its manufar tattalin arziki taimako fatattakakkun Turai. Ta hanyar wannan shirin Amurka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ba kawai don tallafa wa masõya, amma kuma kulla ta overriding matsayi a yammacin duniya.

A kudi domin maido da tattalin arziki da kuma sauran muhimman kayayyakin more rayuwa kasaftawa zuwa 17 ƙasashe. Amurkawa miƙa su taimako ga gurguzu kasashen Gabashin Turai, duk da haka, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Tarayyar Soviet, suka ƙi shiga a cikin shirin. A musamman domin da kudi bayar wa West Germany. American kudi zo wannan kasa tare da wani layi daya tarin reparations for da laifuka na Nazi tsarin mulki.

A ci gaba da sabani da Tarayyar Soviet

A Tarayyar Soviet da "Marshall Shirin" basu amince, imani da cewa ta hanyar da shi Amurka bayan yakin duniya na II yana sanya matsa lamba a kan Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan ra'ayi ya prevalent a kasashen yamma. Yana bin ciki har da tsohon mataimakin shugaban Amurka Genri Uolles, ya soki shirin da taimako ga kasashen Turai.

A kowace shekara, da girma adawa tsakanin USSR da United States zama ƙara m. Masu iko, yana tsaye a kan wannan gefe a yaki da Nazi barazana, kuma a yanzu sun fara jãyayya a fili. Shafi rikitarwa a tsakanin kwaminisanci da mulkin demokra] akidu. Yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka, a bayan yakin duniya na II halitta soja alliance, NATO, da kuma Gabashin Turai da Tarayyar Soviet - da Warsaw yarjejeniya.

ciki matsaloli

A ciki ci gaban da Amurka bayan yakin duniya na biyu aka tare da shawara. Yaki da Nazi mugunta shekaru da yawa don united al'umma da kuma ya sa shi ya manta game da nasu matsaloli. Duk da haka, kusan nan da nan bayan nasarar wadannan matsaloli da suka bayyana kansu a sake. A farko wuri, suka shiga tare da girmamawa ga 'yan tsirarun kabilu.

Social siyasa na Amurka bayan yakin duniya na biyu canja tsohuwar hanya na rayuwa daga cikin Indiyawan. A shekarar 1949, gwamnatin watsi da baya a kan dokar kai-shiba. Tafi reservations. Kara assimilation tare da al'umma da 'yan Nahiyar Amirka. Sau da yawa, da Indians mayar da su cikin garuruwa karkashin matsin. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba ya so ya daina hanyar rayuwa na kakanninsu, amma suka yi sulhu akai su ka'idodin saboda vastly kasashe daban-daban.

magance fata

Tsibirin zauna matsala da juna dangantakar da fari rinjaye da kuma baki 'yan tsirarun. Fata nace. A shekarar 1948 shi da aka soke a Air Force. A yakin duniya na II, da yawa Afirka Amirkawa suka bauta wa a jirgin sama da kuma sanannen mai ban feats. Yanzu su iya bai wa wajibi ga Mahaifa, mahaifiyata a cikin wannan yanayi da fari.

1954 bã Amurka wani muhimmanci zamantakewa nasara. Saboda da dogon-zamanin] aular ga wata shawarar da Kotun Koli Amurka tarihi bayan yakin duniya na II aka alama da yarjejeniyoyin da raba ilimi a makarantu da tseren. Sa'an nan Congress hukumance tabbatar ga baki matsayi na 'yan kasa. Amurka hankali hau a cikin hanyar kai ga cikakken abandonment na fata da kuma nuna bambanci ba. Wannan tsari da aka kammala a shekarar 1960.

tattalin arzikin

Hanzarta da ci gaban tattalin arziki na Amurka bayan yakin duniya na II ya kai ga wani mataki mai tattalin arziki albarku, wanda wani lokacin ake kira da "zinariya shekaru na jari hujja". Yana da aka sa da yawa daga abubuwan, kamar rikicin a Turai. A lokacin 1945-1952 gg. kuma dauke Keynes zamanin (Dzhon Keyns - marubucin na sanannun tattalin arziki ka'idar, bisa ga abin da dokoki na Amurka suka zauna a waɗannan shekaru).

Ta hanyar kokarin da Amurka da Bretton Woods tsarin da aka kafa. Its cibiyoyin sauƙaƙe harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, da yarda a gudanar da wani "Marshall Shirin" (akwai Bankin Duniya, da lamuni na duniya IMF da sauransu. D.). A tattalin arziki albarku a Amurka ya kai ga baby boom - a tururuwar jama'a ta sakamakon wanda aka hanzari girma yawan dukan ƙasar.

A farkon da Cold War

A shekarar 1946, yayin da a kan mai zaman kansa ziyara a Amurka, riga da tsohon firaministan kasar Birtaniya Winston Churchill tsĩrar da ya shahara magana a cikin abin da ya kira Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kwaminisanci barazana ga kasashen yammacin duniya. Yau masana tarihi yi imani da wannan taron ne farkon da Cold War. A Amurka, yayin da shugaban kasar ya Garri Trumen. Ya, kamar Churchill, imani da cewa Tarayyar Soviet dole bi don wuya-line hali. A lokacin da ya shugabancin (1946-1953) karshe kulla da rabo daga cikin duniya tsakanin biyu sabani siyasa tsarin.

Truman ya marubucin "Truman Rukunai", bisa ga abin, Cold War aka adawa tsakanin mulkin demokra American kuma Soviet totalitarian tsarin. A farko gaskiya kashi na hujja ga biyu superpowers ya Jamus. Bisa ga Amurka yanke shawara, West Berlin aka kunshe a cikin "Marshall Shirin." Tarayyar Soviet a mayar da martani ga wannan, birnin sanya wani kawancen. A rikicin dade har 1949. A sakamakon shi a Gabas Jamus gudun hijirar da aka halitta.

Sa'an nan ya fara wani sabon zagaye na makamai tseren. Bayan da boma-bomai na Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki sun babu mafi yunkurin amfani a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na nukiliya warheads - su daina bayan na farko. Yakin duniya na biyu, da Amurka ya isa ya gane lethality na sabon makamai masu linzami. Duk da haka, da makamai tseren ya riga ya fara. A shekarar 1949 Tarayyar Soviet gwada wani bam na nukiliya, da kuma daga baya - hydrogen. Amirkawa sun rasa kenkenewa na makamai.

McCarthyism

Tare da tabarbarewar dangantakar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka sun kaddamar da wani farfaganda don gina wani sabon image na abokan gaba. "Red tsoro" ya juya a cikin wani ajanda ga miliyoyin Amirkawa. A mafi mabiyin anti-gurguzu, ya Sanata Dzhozef Makkarti. Ya zargi da yawa high-ranking yan siyasa da kuma jama'a Figures m ga Tarayyar Soviet. Paranoid rhetoric McCarthy aka sauri tsince ta kafofin watsa labarai.

The United States bayan yakin duniya na biyu, a takaice, sun samu anti-kwaminisanci ciwon iska, inda wadanda suka maza, nisa daga hagu-reshe. McCarthyites duk mũnãnan ayyuka na American al'umma zargi cin amanar. Su harin ne magoya bayan na kwadago da kuma tattaunawar da gurguzu kungiyar. Truman ko da yake ya kasance mai sukar lamiri na Tarayyar Soviet, amma daban-daban daga McCarthy ta mafi m views. A scandalous Sanata kusata Republican Dwight Eisenhower, a shekara ta 1952, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar na gaba.

McCarthyists wadanda suka fara yawa masana kimiyya da kuma artists: mawaki Leonard Bernstein, likita David Bohm, actress Lee Grant, da dai sauransu domin leƙo asirin ƙasa matar da aka kashe gurguzu Julius da Ethel Rosenberg ... A talla yaƙin neman zaɓe a sami ciki makiya, duk da haka, nan da nan ya kasa. A karshen shekarar 1954 McCarthy aka aiko zuwa ga m murabus.

Cuban harsashi rikicin

Faransa da Burtaniya, da Amurka, a bayan yakin duniya na II, tare da sauran kasashen turai, Mun halitta soja NATO. Ba da da ewa wadannan kasashe nuna goyon baya ga kasar Korea ta Kudu a cikin gwagwarmaya da 'yan gurguzun. A karshen, bi da bi, ya taimaki Tarayyar Soviet da kuma China. A Korean War dade shekaru 1950-1953. Ya na farko m adawa tsakanin biyu ganiya na siyasa na duniya tsarin.

A 1959, wani juyin juya halin da ya faru a kasashen Amurka, Cuba. Don ikon a tsibirin zo zuwa ga gurguzun jagorancin Fidel Castro. Cuba amfani da tattalin arziki da goyon bayan da Tarayyar Soviet. Bugu da ƙari, cikin Soviet makamin nukiliya da aka dauka a kan tsibirin. Its bayyanar shi ne kusa da Amurka ya kai ga Caribbean rikicin - koli na Cold War, a lokacin da duniya yana kan dokin sabon nukiliya hare-hare. Sa'an nan, a shekarar 1962, shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy , kuma Soviet shugaban Nikita Khrushchev ya iya gudanar da shawarwari da kuma ba su tsananta halin da ake ciki. Cokali mai yatsu an shige. Yana fara da manufofin da hankali détente.