Tsarin iri wake (adadi)

biyu siffofin haifuwa za a iya gano a cikin shuka duniya: asexual da kuma jima'i. Nau'i na farko ya hada da irin hanyoyin da baza na hereditary bayanai, a matsayin kai tsaye cell division, vegetative - by wani rukuni na somatic Kwayoyin, da kuma yada musamman haploid Kwayoyin - spores. A na biyu, mafi m tsari - shi ne jima'i haifuwa, abu don samuwar tsaba. Yana auku a cikin rayuwar sake zagayowar na gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke, wanda kuma ake kira angiosperms. A cikin wannan takarda mun yi la'akari da waje tsarin da iri wake, gano yanayin zama dole domin ta ci gaba, kazalika da sanin abin da amfanin ne tsire-tsire iya iri haifuwa.

Abin da kuma yadda da tsaba suna kafa?

Bean - thermophilic al'adu shekara-shekara legume iyali, yana da furanni halayyar siffar kama wani jirgin ruwa mai filafili malam kõ kuwa zaune tare da folded fuka-fuki. Ciki da flower a wani yanki da shi, da ake kira da pistil, da rudiment na iri da yake a ɓõye a karkashin ta harsashi tayi jakar kwai. Yana da wani diploid oocyte da kuma tsarin, kira a matsayin tsakiyar cell. Su consistently takin biyu maniyyi, sakamakon da akwai wani iri na wake. Shi ne da jam, da stock hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi don girma da kuma ci gaba na biyu cotyledons, kuma abũbuwan rufi, da ake kira da iri gashi.

Mene ne tsaba dicotyledons

All flowering shuke-shuke da biyu cotyledons aka kafa a sakamakon hadi na 'ya'yan itace da tsaba a cikin samuwar wanda babban rawa da aka buga da dukan sassa na flower: calyx, corolla na petals, androecium kunshi stamens kuma, ba shakka, tare da pistil iri rudiments. Tsarin iri wake nazari a cikin 6th sa matsahi na saba da ilmin halitta sashe kamar yadda o. Shi yana da wani ellipsoid siffar, godiya ga wanda ban sha'awa adadin maniyyin da aka hada tare da mun gwada da kananan surface area.

Wannan yanayin minimizes lamba na da zuriyarka tare da yanayi. A waje tsarin da wake iri kama da babban excretory Gabar tsarin a dabbobi masu shayarwa. Akwai ma da definition a mutum ilmin jikin mutum - wake-dimbin yawa kodan. A ciki, da concave gefe na rumen ne - wuri wake iri wadda aka haɗe zuwa bude yatsun bushe 'ya'yan, wake nan. Saboda haka sunan shuka iyali - Legumes. Yana yana da fiye da dubu 12. Species. Mafi yawa daga cikin Membobinta - herbaceous siffofin, amma akwai kuma Bishiyoyi. Daga cikin legumes kira rikodin ga abun ciki na m furotin xin kayan lambu: shi ne soya, Peas, wake, da waken soya.

Seed tsarin da su ma'anar

Mun ci gaba da duba tsarin da iri wake. Figure kasa, nuna gaban baya aka ambata sassa, wato zuriyar gashi, biyu cotyledons kuma tayi located therebetween.

Kamar yadda ya bayyana, cikin matsanancin part - peels da iri - shi ne wani iri jam wanda aka samu da zanen gado (integuments). Shi aikin da aiki na kariya daga desiccation, matsananci yanayin zafi da kuma sauran m abiotic dalilai. Hakika, babban tsari ne wani iri tayi. Me ya sa wannan yake haka ne, bari mu gani a gaba sashe.

tayi dicot

Kamar yadda muka tuna, a kan aiwatar da biyu hadi muhimmi kawai flowering shuke-shuke, na kwan da ya hadu - da zygote - gwamnatin kwayar samuwar. Shi ne ake kira tayi, kuma yana da sassa uku: tayi tushen, zangarniya kuma plumule. Kula da ciki tsarin da wake iri. Students located kara nuna cewa tayi an tam boye tsakanin cotyledons, ba kawai mafi muhimmanci, amma mafi m da m tsarin. Next, za mu amsa tambayar, abin da suke da ayyuka muhimmi a cikin na asali gyara amfrayo.

amfrayo tushen

Mafiya adadin ƙasar shuke-shuke sun sosai-raya tushen tsarin: main, gefe ko paranasal. Grass, Bishiyoyi da nau'in bishiyoyi iya samar da iri biyu a karkashin kasa Tsarin cewa an botanically kira core kuma fibrous tushen tsarin. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da suka shiga a kan ci gaban wannan part - tayi tushen. An fara ta cell division a shuka Physiology ne babban rarrab da wanda ayyana fara inji kamar iri germination. Wake, tumatir, Peas da sauran zafi-auna da kuma m zuwa ruwa da yawa amfanin gona da bukatar wani ganiya hade da daban-daban muhalli dalilai, don haka da cewa wannan tsari wanda aka kamala a cikin zargin wani sabon matasa shuke-shuke.

Cotyledons da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin abincinsu na seedling

Domin zuriya iya germinate da ake buƙata ajiye gina jiki mahadi: sugars, amino acid, fats. A dicots ya tara a cikin cotyledons. A farkon tayi germination kwayoyin abubuwa Saide a narkar da tsari, mafi samuwa ga assimilation ta Kwayoyin. A seedling cotyledons na dicotyledonous shuke-shuke fara yin ayyuka na farko ƙasa, da ake kira da amfrayo ganye. Duk da haka, suna iya gudanar da photosynthesis da kuma samar da wani matashi shuka tare da dukan zama dole roba abubuwa.

Mene ne germination na maniyyi?

Wannan shi ne wani physiological tsari wanda dogara ne a kan hanyar mika mulki daga latent lokaci a cikin rayuwarku ta iri a cikin aiki girma mataki tayi sassa: tushen da kuma kara da ganye. A sakamakon haka, da seedling farko ya bayyana, sa'an nan ya kafa matasa shuka. Irin wani germinating wake iri? Hotuna gabatar a kasa a fili ya nuna cewa da farko ya fara ci gaba da tayi tushen, zangarniya sa'an nan da ke sa sama ƙasa cotyledon ganye. Bayan wani lokaci na da girma batu na kara, kunsha na apical ilimi masana'anta - meristem - samar gaskiya bar wake shuke-shuke.

Da sauran lokaci

Bayan ripening, kira a matsayin wake, wake tsaba girbe daga cikin lambu, ba su iya nan da nan germinate. Ba wai kawai ga legumes, amma kuma ga sauran kungiyoyin, kamar tumatur, eggplants, cucumbers, bukatar lokaci don samun da tsaba sun kasance post-girbi ripening. An halin da farko ta gaskiyar cewa a wannan lokacin a cikin jam sel metabolism da za'ayi a wata mai low matakin. Karsh tsaba ne kusan za'ayi, da ruwa da abun ciki shi ne kasa da wata shida na jimlar nauyi.

A matsayin sakamako - da tsaba suna sprouting m makamashi kasa don canja wurin kwayoyin abubuwa cotyledons a narkewa form. Dukansu waje da ciki tsarin wake iri a cikin rashin laka ba daban-daban daga na vegetative tazara a lõkacin da suka ana shirya domin shuka a ƙasa. Bambance-bambance danganta ne ga kwarara kudi na na rayuwa halayen a cikin cell tsakiya, wanda shi ne mai low a cikin tsawon dormancy.

Abin da ya wajaba ga germination amfrayo

A agronomy iya bambanta da wadannan yanayi ya tabbatar da ingancin iri germination da seedling fitowan m: gaban ruwa, m zazzabi, oxygen samuwa, mafi kyau duka haske. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan dalilai a more daki-daki. A farko wuri a jerinmu na abiotic yanayi ne ruwa. Wajibi ne a kumbura Kwayoyin, wanda yana tare da karfafa su numfashi.

Nazarin tsarin da iri na wake, mun gano cewa da ikon da tayi ne kawai zai yiwu idan kwayoyin abubuwa ba a cikin cotyledons, je zuwa cikin bayani form. Wannan shi ne saboda da ruwa kwayoyin, iya shiga cikin su ajiya parenchyma. Kamar yadda wani zafi-m amfanin gona, wake kyau yakan a cikin rijiya rana-warmed gona. Amma haske ba ya shafar germination makamashi. Domin wucin gadi kiwo iri daga latent jihar su suna bi stimulants kamar phytohormones.

Kuma gudanar da liyafar scarification, watau mechanically rushe mutunci fata, ba tareda žata Tsarin cewa wani bangare ne na ciki tsarin da iri na wake, musamman da cotyledon da jam. Saboda haka, duk wadannan ayyukan noma da hanzarta da germination aiwatar da amfanin gona.