Tsoho Indiya

Hindustan subcontinent yanke daga sauran duniya daga kusan dukkan bangarorin. A arewa shi ne iyakance ga Pamirs da Himalayas, a kudu - teku, a arewa-maso-gabas - m swamps, na wurare masu zafi gandun daji da kuma tsaunuka.

India a tsakiyar zamanai aka assimilated da mutanen da suka zo daga arewa maso yammacin, ta hanyar located in ba-rana Afghanistan, dutsen ya wuce. Subcontinent geographically raba quite a fili a kan tudu Deccan (Kudu) da kuma Indo-Gangetic Bayyana (Arewa).

Ancient Indiya ya shahara domin ta ci gaba da aikin noma. Dace musamman ga irin wannan aiki ya kwarin da ganges da Indus. Ya kamata a ce cewa dangantaka tsakanin kogin daruna da Dean ya wuya sosai. Duk da haka, Punjab ne in mun gwada m kofa ce ta 'yan kasashen waje shiga cikin kwarin. subcontinent sauyin yanayi damar zuwa tara biyu fairly arziki girbi na shekara. Duk da haka, idan akwai wani ɓangare na ƙasar mahaukaciyar guguwa, ambaliya, fari. Wadannan bala'o'i dooms mutane zuwa yunwa.

Ancient Indiya aka sanaki kabilan Australoid tseren. Wadannan mutane rayu a cikin ƙasa na tsohon Indochina zuwa kudancin Iran. A cikin subcontinent ma zauna Caucasians. Su garwaye da mazauni ne, to assimilate su a cikin abilu da al'adu sharuddan.

Aƙalla 7-5 karni BC. e. tsoho Indiya zuwa arewa maso yammacin aka shagaltar da kabilan Dravidians. Harsuna wadannan kasashe kunshe a Nostratic macrofamily (tare da Indo-harsunan Turai da sauran). Na biyu karni BC. e. Ancient Indiya aka sanaki Indo - Indo-Aryans. Wadannan kabila zuwa 1 karni BC. e. Ya zama babban jama'ar na Arewa Manyan Biranan. Dravidoyazychnye al'umma canja zuwa kudu karkashin matsin na Aryans da haka kai-sake ma su matsugunni, dacewa mafi yawansu da mazauni.

Daga cikin 7th karni BC. e. a cikin kwari na Indus da Saraswati kõguna fara da ci gaban da m tattalin arziki. By karni 3rd Dravidian halitta a cikin wadannan yankunan farko wayewa. A kimiyya, shi zama da aka sani da Harappan ko India. Wayewa da aka gabatar a birane ƙauyuka da aka kewaye da garun, dage farawa da gasa tubali. The most of wadannan sun kasance a cikin Mohenjodaro da Harappa (yanzu ake kira).

All na birnin, ko da kuwa ta size, daban-daban na yau da kullum biyu-kashi shirin: a kan wani wucin gadi tadawa na kagara aka rabu da sauran na musamman mazauna battlements. Wannan layout nuna wani fairly high matakin na zamantakewa da ci gaban da kuma miƙa mulki ga wani wuri nau'i na statehood. A ƙauyuka kwashe rectangular rabo a cikin bariki, wanda aka sosai cunkus. Alal misali, a cikin Mohenjodaro jama'ar na domin na tsawon waxansu dubban mutane. Daban-daban bariki (ga lokaci) wani sosai high matakin na yi - mafi m lambatu da kuma ruwa tsarin.

Dravidians yi da kuma monumental yi. A musamman, suka gina babbar kududdufai, wanda aka yi nufi ga jirgin parking da aka sanye take da kwa'di.

The yawan amfani da syllabic rubuce-rubuce tsarin. A kan ƙasa na tsohuwar India tagulla metallurgy da aka kyau da ci gaba. Archaeologists sun gano wani m iri-iri like. Wannan na nuna farkon ci gaban zaman kansa dukiya dangantakar. Na musamman muhimmancin a cikin samuwar Indian wayewa aka waje cinikayya, ƙasa da tẽku.

Addini na zamanin d India, da tsarin dabi'u, haukan daskarar da tsakiyar 1st karni BC. e. Wayewa hadawa da kamfanoni-collectivist da mutum-hedonistic farkon. A wasu kalmomin, da ma'anar samuwar dan'adam da yake cikin farin ciki da kuma 'yancin kai na mutum, wanda, bi da bi, ba za a iya isa wajen jama'a.