Tungsten ne me? A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na tungsten. Sphere na aikace-aikace na tungsten

Tungsten ne mai sinadarin sinadarin wanda lambar atomatik ta kasance 74. Wannan nau'i mai nauyi ne daga launin toka-karfe zuwa farar fata, wanda yake da ƙarfin karfi, wanda ya sa shi a cikin lokuta da dama ba kawai ba ne. Matsayinsa na narkewa ya fi na kowane irin karfe, sabili da haka ana amfani dashi a matsayin filaments a cikin fitilu da abubuwa masu zafi a cikin wutar lantarki (alal misali, allunan zirconium-tungsten). Ilimin sunadarai na kashi ya sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai haɗari. Girma mai banbanci ya sa ya dace da amfani a "ƙarfe mai sauri", wanda ya bada damar yankan kayan a mafi girma da sauri fiye da karfin carbon, kuma a cikin allo mai ƙananan zazzabi. Tungsten carbide kashi da carbon fili shi ne daya daga cikin mafi wuya abubuwa da aka sani da kuma amfani da samar da milling da kuma juya kayan aikin. Calcium da magnesium tungstates ana amfani dasu a cikin fitilu fitilu, kuma ana amfani da tungsten oxides a cikin paints da yumbu glazes.

Tarihin binciken

An yi tunanin cewa wanzuwar wannan nau'in sinadaran ya bayyana a 1779 by Peter Wulf, lokacin da yayi bincike akan wolframite ma'adinai kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa dole ne ya hada da sabon abu. A 1781 Karl Wilhelm Scheele ya kafa cewa za'a iya samun sabon acid daga tungstenite. Scheele da Thorburn Bergman sun ba da shawarar yin la'akari da yiwuwar samun sabon karfe ta hanyar sake gina wannan acid, wadda ake kira tungsten. A 1783 'yan'uwa biyu, Jose da Fausto Elguyar, an samu su a cikin tungsten acid, wanda ya kasance kamar tungsten. A cikin wannan shekara, 'yan'uwan sun gudanar da cire tungsten daga ciki, ta amfani da gawayi.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu wannan nauyin sinadarin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Da kwanciyar hankali na karfe zuwa yanayin yanayin zafi, da maɗaukakin ƙarfin allonta, ya sanya tungsten mafi mahimman kayan abu ga masana'antun soja. Masu hawan suna aiki a kan Portugal a matsayin babban tushen wolframite a Turai.

Kasancewa cikin yanayi

A kashi na faruwa a cikin yanayi wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), kuma Ferber Gyubnera. An samo mahimman kuɗi na waɗannan ma'adanai a Amurka a California da Colorado, a Bolivia, China, Koriya ta Kudu, Rasha da Portugal. A kasar Sin, kimanin kashi 75 cikin dari na samar da tungsten na duniya yana da hankali. Ana samar da ƙwayar tawurin rage oxide tare da hydrogen ko carbon.

An kiyasta kudaden duniya a kimanin miliyon 7. An yi la'akari da cewa kashi 30 cikin dari na su ne ajiyar wolframite da 70% na makircinsu. A halin yanzu, ci gaba ba ta da amfani ta hanyar tattalin arziki. A halin yanzu da ake amfani da su, wadannan takardun ajiyar za su wuce shekaru 140 kawai. Wani muhimmin ma'anar tungsten shi ne sake amfani da ƙananan ƙarfe.

Main Features

Tungsten wani nau'in sinadarai ne da aka ƙaddara a matsayin matakan miƙa mulki. Alamarsa W ta fito ne daga kalmar Latin wolframium. A cikin tebur na zamani, yana cikin ƙungiyar VI tsakanin tantalum da rhenium.

A cikin tsari mai tsabta, tungsten abu ne mai mahimmanci, launi wanda ya bambanta daga launin toka-karfe zuwa tin-fararen. Tare da ƙazantawa, ƙarfin ya zama abin ƙyama da wuya a yi aiki tare, amma idan ba haka ba, to ana iya yanke shi tare da hacksaw. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ƙirƙirar, yi birgima da kuma miƙa.

Tungsten wani nau'in sinadarai ne wanda batun ƙuƙwalwa shine mafi girma a cikin dukan ƙarfe (3422 ° C). Har ila yau, yana da matsanancin matsanancin tururi. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki a T> 1650 ° C kuma shine mafi girma. Hakan yana da matukar damuwa ga lalata kuma kawai dan kadan mai saukin kamuwa da ma'adinai. Bayan hulɗa tare da iska, an kafa Layer Layer Layer a saman karfe, amma gaba ɗaya ne tungsten oxidizes a high zafin jiki. Lokacin da aka kara da shi a ƙananan ƙarfe zuwa ƙarfe, ƙarfinsa yana ƙaruwa sosai.

Isotopes

A yanayi tungsten kunshi biyar radioisotopes, amma suna da irin wannan dogon rabin-rai, da cewa su za a iya daukan barga. Dukansu sun lalace cikin hafnium-72 tare da watsar da ƙananan haruffa (daidai da helium-4 nuclei). Alpha lalata aka lura a kawai ¹⁸⁰ W, mafi sauki da kuma mafi rare daga wadannan isotopes. A kan talakawan, 1 g na halitta tungsten da shekara faruwa biyu alpha lalata na ¹⁸⁰ W.

Bugu da kari, 27 ƙwayoyin radiyo ne na raguwa na tungsten suna bayyana. A mafi barga na su ne ¹⁸¹ W tare da rabin rai na 121,2 kwanaki, ¹⁸⁵ W (75,1 kwanaki), ¹⁸⁸ W (69,4 kwanaki) kuma ¹⁷⁸ W (21,6 kwanaki). Don duk sauran isotopes artificial, rabin rabi ba ya wuce rana, kuma mafi yawansu ba su da minti 8. Tungsten ma yana hudu "metastable" jiha, mafi barga - ^179m W (6,4 min).

Haɗi

A sinadaran mahadi na tungsten hadawan abu da iskar shaka yawan canje-canje daga 2 zuwa 6, na abin da ya fi kowa ne shida. A kashi yawanci zo a cikin lamba tare da oxygen, forming rawaya trioxide (WO _3), wanda shi ne mai narkewa a cikin ruwa-ruwa alkaline mafita a cikin nau'i na ions, tungstate (WO ₄ ^2-).

Aikace-aikacen

Tunda tungsten yana da matsala sosai kuma yana da ductile (za'a iya ja cikin waya), an yi amfani da ita azaman filaments na fitilun fitilu da fitilun fitilu, kazalika da abubuwa masu zafi na wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, abu yana tsayayya da matsanancin yanayi. Daya daga ta san aikace-aikace - baka waldi da tungsten lantarki a karkashin m gas.

Tsarin ƙarar tungsten ne mai mahimmanci na kayan allon makamai. Ana amfani da babban ma'auni a ma'aunin nauyi, da magunguna da ballast na yachts, da kuma darts (80-97%). Ƙaramar haɗari, wadda za ta iya yanke kayan a mafi girma fiye da carbon, ya ƙunshi har zuwa 18% na wannan abu. A cikin turbine ruwan wuka, sassan jiki da kayan shafawa, "ana amfani da" superalloys "dauke da tungsten. Wadannan suna da yawan zafin jiki, masu mahimmancin allo wanda ke aiki a yanayin zafi.

Thermal fadada daga cikin sinadaran da rabi kamar borosilicate gilashi, don haka shi da ake amfani da yi na gilashi-to-karfe hatimi. Bayanan da ke dauke da tungsten suna da kyau maye gurbin gubar a harsasai da harbe. A cikin allo da nickel, baƙin ƙarfe ko cobalt, an yi ɗakunan tasiri daga gare ta. Kamar harsashi, ana amfani da makamashi na makamashi don kayar da manufa. A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na tungsten yin haɗi tare da transistors. Wasu nau'i na kirtani don kayan kiɗa suna yin tungsten waya.

Amfani da Haɗin

The kwarai taurin tungsten carbide (W ₂ C, WC) da ke sa shi ya fi kowa abu domin milling da kuma juya kayan aikin. An yi amfani dashi a cikin masana'antu, karafa, man fetur da masana'antu. Tungsten carbide ana amfani dashi wajen yin kayan ado, tun da yake hypoallergenic ne kuma ba ya son ya rasa luster.

Daga cikin oxides sa glaze. Tungsten "tagulla" (wanda ake kira don haka saboda launi na oxides) ana amfani dashi a cikin takarda. Tungstates na magnesium da alli da ake amfani da su a cikin fitilu. Tungstate crystalline yana aiki ne a matsayin mai bincike na scintillation a cikin maganin nukiliya da ilmin lissafi. Ana amfani da salts a cikin masana'antu da masana'antu. Tungsten disulfide ne mai high-zazzabi maiko wanda zai iya jure wa 500 ° C. Wasu magunguna dauke da tungsten suna amfani da su a matsayin sunadarai a cikin sunadarai.

Properties

Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na W shine kamar haka:

• Lambar Atomic: 74.
• Nau'in Atomic: 183.85.
• Maganin narke: 3410 ° C.
• Maganin tafasa: 5660 ° C.
• Weight: 19,3 g / cm ³ at 20 ° C.
• Daidaitawa tana cewa: +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Lantarki sanyi: [Xe] 4 d f ^{May 14 Yuni 4} s ^2.