Turmi: range, halaye

Duk da matakai na cigaban dan Adam hade tare da ci gaba da rashin jituwa da kuma fadawar waje yankuna. A tsohon birnin ya sansanin soja, sojojin da aka kyau kare da high katangu. Sau da yawa, kamawa da irin wannan karfafa nufin cikakken nasara a yaki. Duk da haka, da dogon kewaye da birnin da aka tare da wani sosai high jikkata a garesu.

Yana bukata halittar fasaha na'urorin tsara don halakar da "tsanani" kariya. Tun lokacin Aleksandra Makedonskogo zo na farko ambaci "Ballista" - kida iya amai duwatsu a labule yanayin. Wannan yanayin ba da na'urar, shi ne wani bambancin da catapult, dalilin lalacewa da abokan gaba, mafaka ga USAID.

A karshen karni na goma sha bakwai ballista manufa da aka amfani a yi na turmi - gun, harba a wani kwana na 45 digiri. Magajin da bindigogi da kuma zama cikin turmi. Photo na'urar, iri, yaki da halaye da kuma bayani dalla-dalla aka gabatar a cikin mujalla. Yana ma ya bayyana cikin tarihin halitta da kuma ci gaban matakai na irin wannan makamai.

definition

Turmi - harbi da bindiga, wanda aka tsara domin harbi a wani babban kwana na tadawa domin mu kayar da tattarã manpower da kuma halakar da masu garu filin sadarwa. Kamar yadda wani irin turmi, shi ne halin da rashi na mast da recoil na'urar - maye gurbin wadannan sassa Range, wanda aka kafa a cikin ƙasa, kõ sulke da motocin. Nasarawa daga ana fukin tsuntsu turmi harsasai, a cikin abin da shank an lazimta a propellant cajin.

tarihi bayanai

A farko makami cewa harbe wani dako, mine, da harbe-harben har da m hanya aka yi amfani da Rasha sojojin a cikin yaki tare da kasar Japan, a 1904-1905., A lokacin da tsaro na Port Arthur. Mahaliccin "inji ga harbi a kusa da iyaka," ya zama wani jami'in da injiniya Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato.

Gun zama tushen na 75-mm howitzer tare da rage ganga saba da harbe-harben jirgin ta tawa. Daga bisani, wani sabon "abin mamaki-gun," sun tabbatar da kyau kwarai yãƙi halaye, aka kira "turmi". Harbe-harben kewayon aiwatar da dogara a kan canje-canje a cikin kwana na son na ganga, da kuma cajin adadin, kuma jeri daga 50 zuwa 400 mita.

Rasha kwarewa da turmi da aka hankali karatu da waje masana. The m amfani da na'urar samu a cikin shakka daga yakin duniya na 1914-1918. A cikin makamai daga gidan sarauta, sojojin Rasha a 1915 aka tsĩrar da rokoki da wani zamo 47 da 58 mm, wanda ya harbe-harben kewayon 400 da kuma 520 da mita, bi da bi. Halittawa daga cikin wadannan na'urorin da aka kyaftin na manyan bindigogi E. A. Lihonin.

The na'urar turmi

Don gane da yadda za a harba wani turmi, shi wajibi ne don la'akari da zane. A gun yana da uku main aka gyara:

1. Akwati. An rabi a cikin nau'i na wani bututu kayyade shugabanci na jirgin na dako. Kokuwa sassa Fitted soket (a) musamman domin sauki loading. A kasa na ganga - breech da ɗan ganga guga man a cikin shi (a) wanda ya keta da kwantena bawo (mahakar).
2. A tushe farantin. Detail ne hinged dangane da ganga. Yana hidima Yana zuwa gun a lokacin da harbe-harben ta wucewa da recoil da karfi a kan surface (ƙasa, shasi da t. D.).
3. Toya. Member goyon bayan ganga na da makami. A folded stowed matsayin via spring SIRC (s).

Ka'idar aiki da kewayon turmi

Turmi guduma inji azurta wani dan wasan, saka a cikin ƙananan ɓangare na akwati. Gun cajin - Ming - ciyar da muzzle rabo. Munition nunin faifai a kan m surface, da kwantena dake a cikin wutsiya sashe, "prick" a kan stinger harbe-harben fil, da kuma haifar da harbi ya auku. Wannan irin aka kira wani ɗan ganga tauri, shi ne musamman sauki a yi da za a iya samar da wani babban kudi na wuta.

Ammonium bindigogi - Ming - shi ne drop-dimbin yawa jiki burster warhead, tare da tabbatar da dorewar empennage wutsiya. An sanya fis da kuma babban (propellant), da kuma ƙarin caji don yin amfani da abin da aka kayyade ta farko gudu da nisa na dako jirgin.

A kayyade nesa a da turmi ne iya yin harbi, taimaka musamman tebur halitta akayi daban-daban ga kowane irin bindigogi. La'akari da wani misali na irin wannan lissafin.

Harbe-harben tebur. Turmi 120mm SAO 2S9

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da dako jirgin nesa dogara ba kawai a kan girma da propellant, amma kuma ta tadawa kwana na kayan aikin. Ka lura cewa da farko gudu daga munition da nesa da cewa shi ne iya shawo kuma dangantaka da tsawon na ganga na turmi.

Barin. Features kayan aikin, su a raga da kuma manufofin

A yaƙi, wani babban muhimmanci ne a haɗe zuwa motsi hanyar wuta, da yiwuwar su aikace-aikace a kan gaba wajen, da tareda žata effects na makami da kuma da ikon sake kama. Wadannan da bukatun ne cikakken alhakin turmi. Kasancewa wani kayan aiki da hinged yanayin da harbe-harben, shi na samar da:

1. Halakar maƙiyi manpower, wanda aka located a kan fallasa yankunan da a ramuka, ramuka, ravines da gullies, domin a tsaye ganuwar da kuma duwatsu.
2. Shigarwa na hayaki fuska don sauƙaƙe da sauya ta raka'a boye.
3. Ɗaukar hoto yanki domin manufar "Makatarwa" maƙiyi.

A yi sigogi wanda yana da turmi

• Harbe-harben kewayo. M da m da kuma iyakar nesa da dako jirgin, bayar da kayan aiki. Alal misali, matsakaicin harbe-harben kewayon da Rasha 420 - mm kai-propelled turmi 2B1 "Oka", shi ne 45,000 mita.
• A kusassari na ganga nuna. Wannan siga da aka gyara ta hanyar repositioning da goyon bayan bipod (bipod) kayayyakin aiki. A kwana na tsaye shiriya turmi dabam daga 45 zuwa 85 digiri, kuma a kwance - 360.
• Lokaci ya kawo a cikin harbe-harben matsayi. Halaye da cewa sanin gudun shiri kayayyakin aiki, don rike da wuta. Alal misali, cikin gida turmi 2B14-1 "tire" ne a cika shiri domin dakika 30.
• A kalla kudi. Ƙaddara da yawan Shots cewa gun samar da minti. Matsakaicin yiwu kudi na haske rokoki iya zama game da 30 RDS. / Min.
• Mass munition. Yana ƙayyade da nauyin da dako, wanda iya wuta a turmi. 120 - mm gun Faransa samar RT61 (F1), misali, shi ne iya harbe-harben harsasai da 15 kilogram.
• Mass gun a harbe-harben matsayi. Yana hada da nauyin duk abubuwa (mai karɓar tube mast-bipod da kuma goyon bayan farantin) a cikin taru jihar. A kai-propelled bindigogi a cikin wannan siga hada da nauyin da shasi. Alal misali - mai nauyi turmi yau da kullum American sojojin M-30 a harbe-harben matsayi, weighs 305 kg, kuma propelled MLRs BM-21 "Grad", kerarre a cikin Tarayyar Soviet yana da wani taro na 13.700 kg.

Quality Martial turmi

• A high kudi na wuta. Na'ura siffofi da sauki recharging, kyale ka fire da bindigogi da babban tsanani. Rate wasu iri na zamani rokoki zuwa 170-190 akai-akai da minti.
• Multi-manufa high-ikon ammonium. Shrapnel, m, tari, incendiary, hayaki da haske - wadannan su ne kawai wasu daga cikin iri na projectiles cewa za a iya kora turmi. Harbe-harben kewayon makamai da aka kayyade ta canza caji ikon ejecting wani mine shaft.
• A sauki na'urar. Ta sauƙi yi rokoki rinjaye, da yiwuwar su disassembly da kuma sauki sufuri sa ya yiwu don matsawa da bindiga a kan m ƙasa, ci gaba da rike su wuta sashen. Wasu model za a iya amfani da ga jiki na mota harbi.
• Dindindin shiri. Barin aka halin high gudun tuki "aiki" yanayin, saboda 'yanci na taro.
• M hanyar jirgin dako. A makami iya bugawa da wani burin da rufaffiyar da kuma kare daga waje kiwo manyan bindigogi da kuma na'ura-gun wuta. Godiya ga wannan alama, a turmi iya harbe-harben "a kan saman" na raka'a.

rarrabuwa

A takaice dai look at cikin iri na kayan aikin, bisa ga Rasha rokoki. Tun Soviet sau, irin wannan makami da aka classified kamar haka:

1. Rotne aiwatarwa (55-65 mm size).
2. Bataliya (80-85 mm).
3. Rajimanti (105-125 mm).
4. Jami'in (manyan zamo da amsawa).

Na'ura turmi ganga bambanta duka biyu smoothbore da rifled bindigogi. Akwai hanyoyi biyu na caji - tare da wani muzzle da breech. da mataki na aiki da na overcharging ne ma daban-daban. Akwai sarrafa kansa kayan aikin, misali, 2B9M "Cornflower" - turmi hoto wanda aka gabatar a kasa. Akwai kai-propelled rokoki - saka a kan wani wheeled ko sa ido shasi.

ci gaban kayayyakin aiki,

A mafi muhimmanci mataki a cikin ci gaban da rokoki da aka yakin duniya na biyu na 1939-1945. Kawai Soviet masana'antu da aka bayar da fiye da 345.000 daga wadannan bindigogi! Babu shakka, shi wajibi ne don tunawa da mashahuriyar "Katyusha" BM-13 - na farko Guards roka turmi. Harbe-harben kewayon kayan aikin jeri daga 4350 zuwa 5500 m. Babban halaye na rokoki da cewa lokaci, yana tsaye a kan makamai na kasashe mambobin kungiyar da yaki, suna hade a wannan tebur.

kayan aiki na zamani

Yau rokoki, saboda da m ci gaba da soja-masana'antu fasahar sun zama super-zamani bindiga range. Ba za mu bayyana a cikin daki-daki, duk da abũbuwan amfãni daga manyan bindigogi na XXI karni, da kuma la'akari da daya kawai model. Kuma shi za su ga wani misali na yadda nisa tako gaba ci gaba.

A MILEX-2011 ya faru a Minsk a kan soja-fasaha nuni, Rasha injiniyoyin da aka gabatar shiru turmi 2B25, da ake kira "Gull". A peculiarity wannan samfurin shi ne cewa shi yana da mafi secretive fama amfani. A da harbe-harben da turmi, da foda gas "kulle" a cikin munition da makami ba nuna hayaki, sauti ko tura kalaman.

"Gal" dũkan hari a jeri na 1000-1300 m tare da wani kudi na 15 akai-akai. / Min. Weight turmi bai wuce 15 kg, da kuma dako nauyi ne kawai 1.9 kg. 2B25 ne aka yi nufi ga tabbatar da aiki na musamman raka'a, kuma yana da ba analogues a duniya.

ƙarshe

Development of kewayawa tsarin da kuma walwa wuta iko sanya turmi a high-daidaici makamai. Duk da haka, riƙe ta asali Properties - sauki da kuma sauki, cheap harsasai, hinged yanayin da harbe-harben da babu bukatar tsawaita shiri na "ma'aikata". Turmi ne har yanzu daya daga cikin mafi m iri makamai da ba su bukatar musamman albarkatun da yawa manyan bindigogi lissafin.