Howitzer: dalla-dalla. Kai-propelled howitzer (photo)

Tun zuwan manyan bindigogi a cikin arsenals Runduna na kasashe daban-daban akwai bukatar specialization daban-daban na kayayyakin aiki, don su muradi. Cigaba da inganta tsaron gida fortifications, m dabaru da kuma dabara na yaki ya haifar da rabo daga makamai masun karfi a cikin azuzuwan.

tsoho kamnemety

A gaskiya, yaƙi ya kewaye na'urorin - m kakanninsa manyan bindigogi - taimaki Warriors kama da kai hare hare gidãje da kagararsa dogon kafin taro amfani da gunpowder. A catapult da sakonni ga Ballistae muzzle gudu (wanda shi ne kullum duwatsu ganga tare da ruwan kwalta, manyan katako ko stele) da aka yi amfani da roba Properties na mikewa igiya, a cikin abin da yi na lauye karfe waya. A lokacinta tsiwirwirinsu a cikin tightening da aka saki a lokacin da a saki na musamman kulle. A lokaci guda, da kuma akwai da kalmar "howitzer". Bayani dalla-dalla "kamnemetnoy inji" (kamar yadda tare da Jamusanci fassarar kalma Haubitz) sun kasance sosai suna fadin, sun harba ga 'yan dubun mita da kuma samar more m sakamako, ko da yake a karkashin wani yanayi, da kuma kyau basira na lissafin iya da kyau a cikin hanyar da wuta (idan harsashi ya incendiary) . Ci gaba a cikin m na'urorin ya haddasa wani karuwa a cikin rawar da m makami tsarin.

manyan bindigogi azuzuwan

An fara daga karni na sha hudu, Turai sojojin fara amfani da bindigogi. Barin a lokacin zama mafi m aji na bindigogi. Ko da ominous sunan (samu daga Dutch Mortier, bi da bi, ya ari Latin tushen mort - «mutuwa») nuna wani babban mutuwa tasiri. Bugu da ari downward ya howitzer, bayani dalla-dalla na wanda (harsashi nauyi da kuma range) da ɗan baya ga cewa na turmi. A mafi tartsatsi da hannu azuzuwan suna dauke da bindiga (Canon). Calibres daban-daban, amma shi ya ba kawai su. Babban alama wani aji aiwatar da ganga zane, sakamakon su nada. By wannan, tsarin da yake da manyan bindigogi na sojojin a jihar, har ma sai ya yiwu su kusantar da karshe game da dabarun nufi da soja rukunan da gwamnatinsa.

Juyin Halitta na rokoki da kuma howitzers

A yakin duniya positional fada ya sa da yaƙe jam'iyyun don nema nauyi kewaye bindigogi. The kalmar "turmi" fadi a cikin disuse nan da nan bayan nasara a kan Nazi Jamus a 1945. Short-m dodanni ba hanya zuwa m manyan-zamo kamar rokoki da kuma kai hari kai harin. Bayan hada a cikin arsenal na kusan dukkan kasashen makamai masu linzami, ciki har da ballistic, da bukatar yin amfani da nauyi da kuma jinkirin-motsi bindigogi trudnotransportiruemyh gajiya. A karshe ƙoƙari tambaya yunkurin zama Jamus designers haifar da wasu m dodo don ta size kamar "Karl", wanda yake da 600 mm zamo. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin wannan wasiyya aji wani gajeren akwati da lokacin farin ciki ganuwar. Big tadawa kamar yayi dace da zamani turmi nuna alama. Kartuzny hanyar caji, sauran yau yafi daga m jirgin da kuma bakin-tushen bindigogi, kuma gudummawar da shahararsa ta rokoki. Fashewa da manyan takamaiman surface, su ne hygroscopic, da kuma a gaban real yanayi ya tabbatar da ajiya yanayi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ga wani ajali zafi. Amma da taro na dako da wani zangon howitzers harbe-harben ya zama haka da cewa wannan aji na manyan bindigogi da aka quite yiwu sanya ayyuka da aka a baya ya yi turmi.

Parabolic yanayin, ko Me ya sa nake bukatar wani howitzer?

Don amsa wannan tambaya, shi wajibi ne su fara la'akari da ballistic yanayin na daban-daban azuzuwan na kida. Kowa ya san cewa an saki tare da na farko mikakke gudun jiki na zahiri, ko ta zama talakawa dutse ko wani harsashi ba ya tashi a wata mike layin da wani parabola. A sigogi na wannan adadi na iya zama daban-daban, amma a wannan fara bugun jini karuwa a tadawa zai rage a kwance nesa a wanda wannan abu zai tashi. A tsawo ne iyakar a wata dama kwana zuwa kwance, amma a wannan yanayin akwai hadarin da cewa a guje harsashi (ko guda dutse) da dama a tsaye a kan shugaban na thrower. A steepness na hanyar Allah, kuma shi ne abin da ya bambanta da howitzer gun. Yana kuma kira da aiwatar da nada.

A abin da lokuta da kuma abin da ya harba

Idan muka ɗauka cewa makiya neman Master da matsayi na wani soja, sa'an nan ya kamata a sa ran daga wani hari. A cikin pre-shelled garu yankin garken tankuna da dakaru goyon hari da jirgin sama. A mayar da martani, da kare gefen za su shafi cigaba da zuwa wuta daga nasu manyan bindigogi da kuma kananan makamai. Amma idan hari, ana sa ran, shi za a pre-gina Game da filin fortifications, haƙa ramuka full profile, gina bunkers da kuma pillboxes, da harbe-harben sassa wadda yi wuya yarda line na tsaro. A general, kowane daga cikin jam'iyyun za ta yi duk abin da ya hana makiya ayyuka. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da wuta a ƙasa zurfi fiye da kare subunits za a iya gudanar kawai ta hanyar kira hinged. Flatness (ie, kusan a layi daya zuwa sararin sama) wuta za ta zama m: sojojin abokan gaba suka tam boye a baya parapets da kuma sauran m Tsarin. Kusan m zai zama wata al'ada gun. Howitzer, wanda halaye an saka, za "hayaki daga" da kare ramuka da dugouts, heaping bawo a kan kawunansu daga sama. Igwa da aka harbe-harben waɗanda suka kare. Suna bukatar su hallaka kamar yadda da yawa maƙiyi tankuna da sojoji yanã gudãna zuwa ga matsayi. Sun ayan tare da kai hari.

zamo howitzer

Matsaloli na zamani howitzer manyan bindigogi zuwa yanzu fiye da a baya aka ayyana da'irar. Hinged yanayin na dako ne ba kawai mai kyau tafiyar manpower, mafaka a cikin ramuka, kuma dugouts, amma kuma ga sauran dalilai. Kufaifan kare ta a lokacin farin ciki Layer karfafa kankare sau da yawa da zurfi dug a cikin ƙasa. A frontal makamai na tankuna da sauran sulke da motocin iya withstanding yawa makamai wajen, a lokaci guda a kan saman ta shigewa more. Idan al'ada bindigogi high daidaituwa da aka cimma godiya ga high farko gudu na dako, daya daga cikin yanayi na kai karshe siga ne zumunta haske nauyi na dako kanta. Manyan zamo - cewa ya bambanta daga howitzer gun. Domin wannan aji na kayan aikin da ake bukata 100-millimeter bawo, kuma akwai ma fi girma.

B-4

Howitzer - wani kayan aiki wuya, kuma wannan shi ne ta dukiya, a hade tare da wani m manufar halitta wasu matsaloli. Wani misali na shi ne quite nasara aikace-aikace na iya zama wani sananne B-4 (52-L-625), ya kafa a cikin thirties da ya wuce dukan yaki. Weight na bindigogi, gami da karusa, ganga tare da zamiya sassa da wani talking part, fiye da 17 (!) Ton. Don matsar da shi, kana bukatar tarakta. Domin rage takamaiman load a ƙasa ne amfani crawler. A zamo na gun - 203 mm ko 8 inci. Dako ya dauke nauyi, shi weighs daga 145 kg zuwa quintals (betonoboynymi embodiment), don haka da cewa samar da harsasai da aka kai a kan wani musamman nadi na'ura mai. Lissafin lokuttan kunshi goma sha biyar mutane. A gwada da low muzzle gudu (daga 300 zuwa 600 m / s) kewayon da harbe-harben da wani howitzer B-4 ya wuce 17 km. A kalla kudi - daya harbi bayan minti biyu. A gun yana da wata babbar hallakaswa ikon da aka nuna a lokacin farmaki a kan Mannerheim layi a lokacin da Winter War tare da Finland. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan shekaru da ya bayyana da cewa nan gaba nasa ne da kai-propelled manyan bindigogi tsarin.

SU-152

A mataki na gaba dauka ta Soviet zanen kaya a cikin shugabanci na samar da mafi m kai-propelled raka'a, zama SU-152. Yana aiki a matsayin wata irin wannan martani ga zargin wani iko da sulke Jamus tankuna sanye take da dogon-barreled bindigogi iya wuta a kan mu kayan aiki daga nesa (kilomita ko fiye). A surest hanyar halaka da-kare burin da jũna a rufe ta m harsashi tashi a hinged parabolic yanayin. Howitzer 152 mm zamo ML-20, saka a kan wani tanki (SW) zuwa wani tsayayyen shasi bayar da wani felling da kuma tabbatar da sunadaran resetting na nufin m don warware wannan matsala.

"Furen karnesha"

A post-yaki lokaci a cikin soja-fasaha al'amari ne halin a matsayin lokaci na m girma na fasaha damar. A wuri na fistan jirgin sama injuna zo jet dirka. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da al'ada umurci Gunners fara warware da makami mai linzami da sojojin. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda akwai wani revaluation da rabo daga wasan kwaikwayon da kuma farashin. Cold War, a hankali zama gasar da kuma tattalin arziki tsarin. The sau lokacin "da farashin tsayawa ba", da aka gudanar. Sai ya juya daga cewa kudin daya manyan bindigogi zagaye ne da yawa m fiye da wani dabara makami mai linzami jefa a game da daidaita tasiri, ya bayyana a matsayin mai hallakarwa. A Tarayyar Soviet, an fahimci a lokaci daya: Khrushchev ta jagoranci ya auku ga wasu asar, sai murna bayan bayyanar a cikin arsenal na Soviet Army makami mai linzami ceto tsarin. A 1967 a Kharkov Hoor (mana) da shuka da aka tsara "Pink" - na farko Soviet "flower" kai-propelled howitzer. Fasaha halaye muhimmanci m ga sigogi dukkan manyan bindigogi, samar soja-masana'antu hadaddun da Tarayyar Soviet kafin. Shafi yin amfani da roka-taimaka dako (wasu matasan manyan bindigogi nakiyoyi da wani roka), a cikin wannan yanayin, da harbe-harben da kewayon karu daga 15.3 zuwa 21,9 kilomita. Zargin iya zama daban-daban: tarawa, high-m, lantarki (samar da tsangwama), hayaki da kuma sauran, ciki har da na musamman (sinadaran). Long nesa zuwa karshen aya daga cikin yanayin da damar amfani da makaman kare dangi. The ɗauka da sauƙi gashi jiki housed harsasai arba'in bawo.

"Acacia"

Howitzer, ci gaba a cikin tsakiyar - marigayi sittin, ya shiga sabis a shekarar 1970. Yana iya harba a nesa na 20-30 km (dangane da version). The inji kanta ne kyawawan sauki, shi Tã yi yawa kasa fiye da talakawan daga cikin tanki, wanda aka samu wani karu a cikin taro na makamai. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu kai tsaye wuta, amma manufa ta farko ya kasance iri guda - kayar da dalilai na nesa. Shasi sanya na perednemotornoy makirci ya tabbatar da daraja a lokacin yaki da shekaru. A zane daukan la'akari da kwarewa da halittar ACS 100, da kuma muradi ga reminiscence ya gaban American bindigogi M-109, da ikon harba wani low-ikon dabara nukiliya cajin (TNT kwatankwacin 100 ton). Amsar da aka "Acacia" - howitzer ba tare da wani m halaye.

Czech "Dana"

Mafi sau da yawa, sojojin na gurguzu kasashen da aka dauke da makamai Soviet model na soja da kayan aiki, amma akwai ban. Babu shakka, tunawa da muhibbar (da kuma kafin yakin duniya na II, Czechoslovakia ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun da makamai a Turai da kuma duniya), injiniyoyi daga Czechoslovakia a tsakiyar seventies, tsara da kuma gina wani sabon manyan bindigogi gun, wanda yana da yawan fice domin lokaci na dabara da kuma bayanan fasaha. Kai-propelled howitzer "Dana" halin high kudi na wuta (daya harbi da minti), yana da wani gwada da kananan lissafi (6 mutane), amma ta Babban amfani mai girma shasi "Tatra", tare da babban maneuverability, sirri da kuma sauri. kasar jagoranci, ko da la'akari da sayan Czech mu'ujiza ga bukatun Soviet Army, amma sanin cewa a kasar mu suna aiki don ƙirƙirar nasu, ko da mafi alhẽri howitzer bawo, tunaninmu ya ki rage sayan dama kofe domin nazarin "fraternal kwarewa ". Kai-propelled howitzer "Dana" da kuma a yau ne a sabis da Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia, Poland, Libya, kuma da dama wasu ƙasashe inda wannan kayan aiki da aka tsĩrar bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. A lokacin Jojiyanci-Ossetian rikici, da Rasha sojojin kama da uku "ba" kamar yadda kofuna da dama.

D-30: Gun Classics

Tare da duk yawan kai-propelled manyan bindigogi tsarin, mafi arha daya ne talakawa dabaran howitzer. 152-mm gun Soviet samarwa aka sani na da halayyar silhouette a duniya. A cikin harbe-harben matsayin karusa, kwanciya gaba daya ya ginu ne a kan uku goyon bayan zuwa ga ƙasa, sabõda haka, ƙafafun kada ku shãfe ƙasa, wanda ya samar da - a hannu daya - a dogara da girmamawa, da kuma a kan sauran - ya sa ya yiwu za su gudanar da wani madauwari harbe-harben. Babban halayyar da howitzer D-30 - harbi nesa zuwa 5.3 km, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta shi ne isa. Sufuri na makamai ne ba matsala: da shi weighs 3.2 ton, wanda ya sa ya yiwu su safarar shi a kusan duk gadoji, da kuma da saba "Ural" za a iya amfani da a matsayin tarakta. Sauki, AMINCI da high dace - Waɗannan su ne halayyar fasali na Rasha makamai. D-30 da kuma D-30A yarda saya don kare bukatun kasashe daban-daban, kuma wasu daga cikinsu (China, {asar Yugoslavia, Misira, Iraq) ya dauke shi wajibi ne don sayan da takardun da suka samar. Kuma wani muhimmanci aiki ya yi aikin wannan howitzer. Photo na Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja ba wani gargajiya rana volley lalle ƙawata wannan kayan aiki.

Takobi da kuma Shield

Rasha howitzer - makawa bangaren manyan bindigogi da kuma makami mai linzami garkuwa na kasar mu. Su m saduwa magana game da mutunci na soja rukunan, amma saboda babu wani daga cikin duniya ta sojojin ba sarauta daga yiwuwar harin ko pre-emptive yajin aiki, dama? Bugu da kari, irin manyan bindigogi kadan ya canza sosai da universalization fasali kamar howitzer. Fasaha halaye na kayan aikin da za ka iya amfani da shi domin harbe-harben a lebur yanayin, cewa an yi amfani da tsaro, ciki har da anti-tanki.

A foda kamata ko da yaushe ci gaba bushe.