Yadda za a warware matsalolin jinsi to ilmin halitta?

A nazarin ka'idojin gadar hali da kuma bambancin a kwayoyin ne daya daga cikin mafi wuya amma sosai alamar rahama fuskantar kalubale da kimiyyar zamani. A wannan labarin, za mu dubi yadda na asali msar tambayar Concepts da postulates na kimiyya, da kuma zai magance yadda za a warware matsalolin da itatuwa aure.

A munasaba da binciken na gadar hali

Biyu manyan rassan kimiyyar zamani - magani da kuma kiwo - ci gaba ta hanyar bincike da masana auren. The sosai guda nazarin halittu da horo, da sunan wanda aka samarwa a 1906 da Turanci masanin kimiyya W. Betsonom, ba sosai msar tambayar yadda m. Kowane mutum, wanda ya yanke shawarar zuwa tsanani fahimta ginshikai na gado na daban-daban halaye (kamar ido launi, gashi, da jini), zai farko da su koyi da dokoki na gadar hali da bambancin, kazalika da adadi daga yadda za a warware matsalolin mutum itatuwa aure. Wannan shi ne batun da muka kasance mãsu aikatãwa.

Basic Concepts da kuma sharuddan

Kowane reshe yana da wani takamaiman, peculiar kawai mata, da wani sa na asali ma'anar. Idan muna magana ne game da kimiyya da karatu da matakai na watsa daga hereditary dabiu, mu fahimta da wadannan sharuddan da karshen: da gene, genotype, phenotype, iyaye tsuntsaye, hybrids, gametes, da sauransu. Tare da kowane daga cikinsu mun hadu, a lokacin da muka koyi da dokoki, gaya mana yadda za a warware matsalolin a ilmin halitta, itatuwa aure. Amma a farkon za mu yi nazarin Hybridological Hanyar. Bayan duk, shi ne tushen kayyade karatu. Yana da aka samarwa da Czech halittu G. Mendel a cikin karni na 19th.

Yadda za a gada halayen?

Dokokin na watsa Properties na jiki da aka gano by Mendel ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da cewa ya gudanar tare da wani sananne shuka - fis. Hybridological Hanyar ne a mararraba raka'a biyu, abin da ya bambanta daga juna ta hanyar daya biyu daga siffofin (monohybrid giciye). Idan gwaji ya shafi kwayoyin da suke da mahara nau'i-nau'i daga madadin (m) ãyã, to, magana game da poligibridnom mararraba. The masanin kimiyya da shawarar da wadannan tsarin rubutu bugun jini hybridization na biyu fis shuke-shuke da suke da daban-daban masu launin tsaba. A - rawaya Paint, da kuma - a kore.

A wannan rikodin F1 - hybrids na farko (I) tsara. Su ne duk da cikakken uniform (wannan), saboda suna dauke da wani rinjaye gene A, iko rawaya launi tsaba. The sama shigarwa yayi dace da farko dokar Mendel (Rule F1 hybrids uniformity). Sanin ya yi bayani ga dalibai yadda za su magance matsalolin da itatuwa aure. Grade 9 yana da wani shirin a cikin ilmin halitta, wanda ake yi karatu a daki-daki, Hybridological Hanyar kayyade gudanar da bincike. Yana kuma nazarin da na biyu (II) kullum Mendel ya kira doka da fata. A cewar shi, da hybrids F2, samu da su tsallaka biyu farko tsara hybrids tare da juna, a tsagawa a cikin rabo na 3 zuwa 1 phenotype da genotype 1 a 2 ga 1.

Amfani da sama dabara, za ka fahimci yadda za su magance matsalolin cikin halittar jini ba tare da kurakurai idan su yanayi za a iya amfani da farko ko riga aka sani II Mendel da dokar ta, ba abin da mararraba faruwa a lokacin da cikakken mamayar daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittu.

Dokar ta bayyana da m hada da ãyõyinMu

Idan iyayentaka mutane ya bambanta a nau'i biyu daga madadin haruffa, kamar iri launi da kuma siffar, daga shuke-shuke, kamar fis, sa'an nan a cikin shakka daga kwayoyin mararraba kamata a yi amfani Pinneta grille.

Babu shakka duk hybrids, wanda suke ƙarni na farko ya yi biyayya da mulkin uniformity Mendel. Wannan shi ne, su ne rawaya, tare da m surface. Ci gaba da giciye tsakanin wani shuka na F1, za mu sami na biyu-ƙarni hybrids. Don gano yadda za a magance matsaloli a kan halittar jini, 10th sa a ilmin halitta aji yana amfani da rikodin biyu-matasan ma'abota, da ake ji da dabara na tsagawa phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. A karkashin yanayin da cewa kwayoyin halittu ana shirya a daban-daban da nau'i-nau'i za a iya amfani da Mendel uku hakan ba - doka hada siffofin da m jihohi.

Kamar yadda gaji jini kungiyar?

The inji na watsa irin wannan siffa a matsayin jini kungiyar a cikin mutane, ba ya dace da dokokin tattauna a baya. Wannan shi ne, shi ne ba batun da farko da na biyu dokar Mendel. Wannan shi ne domin irin wannan fasalin yadda jini, bisa ga nazarin Landsteiner, sarrafawa da uku alleles I: A, B da 0. Haka genotypes ne kamar haka:

• Da farko kungiyar - 00.
• Na biyu - AA ko A0.
• Na uku kungiyar - BB ko B0.
• Fourth - AB.

0 gene ne recessive allele da genes A da B. A karo na hudu kungiyar ne sakamakon kodominirovaniya (juna gaban genes A da B). Yana da kullum dole a yi la'akari, su san yadda za su magance matsaloli a kan halittar jini na jini kungiyar. Amma dai ba duka. Don tsayar da genotype na yara da jini, haife ga mahaifa tare da daban-daban kungiyoyin, amfani da tebur da ke ƙasa.

Morgan ta ka'idar gadar hali

Komowa zuwa sashe na mu labarin "The Shari'ar 'yantattun jihohi na hada ãyõyi", a cikin abin da muka tattauna yadda za a warware matsalolin da itatuwa aure. Dihybrid gicciye, kamar yadda ya aikata da III Mendel da dokar, wanda shi ne batu, shi ne zartar da allelic kwayoyin halitta, homologue chromosomes ne a kowane biyu.

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 20th American jini T. Morgan ya bayar da hujjar cewa mafi daga cikin alamun sarrafawa da kwayoyin halittu, wanda aka located a cikin wannan chromosome. Bã su da wani mikakke tsari tsari da kuma hadin kungiyoyin. Da kuma lambar shi ne daidai haploid sa na chromosomes. A kan aiwatar da meiosis, abu don samuwar gametes, jima'i Kwayoyin zo ba guda kwayoyin halitta, ya yi tunani Mendel, kuma dukan su gidaje, da ake kira Morgan kama kungiyoyin.

crossover

A lokacin prophase I (wanda kuma ake kira na farko meiotic division) tsakanin ciki chromatids na homologue chromosomes ana musayar rabo (lukusami). Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira crossover. Shi ne tushen kayyade bambancin. Crossover ne da muhimmanci musamman a nazarin ilmin halitta da abin ya shafa tare da nazari na mutum hereditary cuta. Amfani da ka'idojin da aka bayyana a cikin chromosomal ka'idar gadar hali Morgan, mun ayyana wani algorithm da amsa ga wannan tambaya na yadda za a warware matsalolin da itatuwa aure.

Sex-nasaba gado lokuta ne wani batu da canja wurin da kwayoyin halittu, wanda aka located a cikin wannan chromosome. A nesa da ta wanzu tsakanin genes a hadin kungiyoyin bayyana a matsayin mai yawan - taswira raka'a. A hada guda biyu ƙarfi tsakanin kwayoyin halittu kai tsaye na gwargwado ga nesa. Saboda haka, mafi mararraba kan faruwa a tsakanin kwayoyin halittu, wanda aka located nisa daga juna. Ka yi la'akari da sabon abu nasaba gādo a more daki-daki. Amma a farkon yi tunani abin da abubuwa na gadar hali da alhakin jima'i halaye na kwayoyin.

jima'i chromosomes

A cikin mutum karyotype suna da wani takamaiman tsari: a mace gabatar guda biyu X chromosomes, yayin da maza a cikin jima'i biyu, ban da X chromosome, akwai kuma wani U-version, featuring biyu a tsari da kuma a wani sa na genes. Wannan yana nufin cewa shi ne, ba homologue ga X chromosome. Irin wannan hereditary adam cututtuka irin hemophilia, da kuma launi makanta bayyana saboda da "breaking" na mutum genes a kan X chromosome. Alal misali, da mai bãyar da aure na hemophilia da lafiya mutumin za a iya haife daga zurriyar.

A bisa hanya kayyade mararraba ya tabbatar da cewa kama gene da iko jini clotting, tare da jima'i X chromosome. Wannan kimiyya bayanai da aka yi amfani da su koyar da dalibai dabaru, tabbatas da yadda za a warware matsalolin da itatuwa aure. 11 aji yana da wani shirin a cikin ilmin halitta, wanda ya yi nazarin a daki-daki, ga sassan kamar "jinsi", "Medicine" da kuma "mutum halittar jini". Sunã halattar da dalibai don nazarin gaji mutum cututtuka da kuma sanin dalilan a kan abin da suka bayyana.

gene interactions

Sauye hereditary halaye - m rikitarwa aiwatar. Wadannan baya makircinsu sun bayyana ne kawai idan dalibai na asali m ilmi. Yana da muhimmanci, kamar yadda shi na samar da sunadaran da cewa samar da wani amsa ga wannan tambaya na yadda za a koyi don warware matsaloli a cikin ilmin halitta. Auren nazarin hulda suranta genes. Wannan polymer epistasis, complementarity. Za mu yi magana game da su.

MISALI gādo a mutum ji ne misali na irin wannan hulda kamar yadda complementarity. Ji sarrafawa da nau'i-nau'i biyu na daban-daban kwayoyin halittu. Na farko shi ne alhakin da al'ada ci gaban da cochlea na can cikin kunne, da kuma na biyu - don aiki na auditory jijiya. Aure na kurame iyaye, wanda kowannensu yana da homozygous recessive ga kowane daya daga cikin nau'i biyu daga kwayoyin halitta, yara suna haife tare da al'ada ji. Wadannan genotypes ne ba biyu rinjaye kwayoyin halittu da cewa sarrafa al'ada ci gaban da jin AIDS.

pleiotropy

Wannan ban sha'awa idan akwai gene hulda a wanda daya gene ba a cikin genotype, phenotypic magana dogara a kan da dama fasali. Alal misali, a yamma na Pakistan samu wani mutum yawan wasu wakilan. Bã su da wani sunadarin gumi a wasu yankunan na jiki. A lokaci guda irin wadannan mutane an kamu da babu wani molars. Basu iya sun kafa a cikin shakka daga yanayin halitta na juya.

A dabbobi, msl, da na tumaki karakulskih yanzu rinjaye gene W, wadda iko yadda Jawo canza launi da kuma al'ada ci gaban da ciki. Ka yi la'akari da yadda W gene da aka gada a crosses na biyu heterozygous mutane. Sai dai itace cewa da zũriyarsu ¼ da 'yan raguna da genotype WW, ya mutu saboda anomalies a cikin ci gaban da ciki. A lokaci guda ½ (tare da m Jawo) heterozygous kuma mai yiwuwa, kuma ¼ - ne mutane da baki Jawo da kuma al'ada ci gaban da ciki (su genotype WW).

Genotype - cikakke tsarin

Mahara effects kwayoyin halitta poligibridnoe mararraba, wani sabon abu nasaba gādon ya zama na ƙarshe shaidar da cewa da sa kwayoyin halitta a jikin mu ne cikakken tsarin, ko da yake an wakilta mutum alleles kwayoyin halitta. Su za a iya gaji da dokoki na Mendel, ko loci aka nasaba biyayya ka'idojin da ka'idar Morgan. Idan akai la'akari da dokoki da alhakin hanyar warware matsaloli a cikin halittar jini, mun gano cewa, da phenotype na wani kwayoyin ne ya rinjayi biyu allelic da kuma wadanda ba allelic genes tasiri cikin ci gaban da daya ko fiye fasali.