Selenium - abin da yake da shi? A sunadarai kashi selenium. A amfani da selenium

Abin da muka sani game da selenium? A makaranta sunadarai darussa, an gaya mana cewa da selenium - wani sinadari, za mu iya magance da dama daga sinadaran lissafai da kuma tsayar da halayen da ta sa hannu. Amma abubuwa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur ne sosai cewa dukan adadin bayanai ba za a iya rufe. Saboda haka, duk yana bayyana quite a taƙaice.

A cikin wannan labarin, za ka iya samun matsahi na saba da abu mai suna "selenium". Mene ne shi, abin da suke da kaddarorin, wanda a yanayi na iya samun wannan abu da kuma yadda aka yi amfani da masana'antu. Bugu da kari, yana da muhimmanci a san abin da sakamako yana a kan jikin mu.

Mene ne selenium

Selenium (selenium kashi) - a sinadari, wani analog na sulfur, wanda nasa ne kungiyar 16 (bisa ga a baya rarrabuwa - to 6 minutes) na lokaci-lokaci tebur. A atomic yawan kashi - 34 da kuma atomic nauyi na 78,96. Sinadarin zai fi dacewa farfado ƙarfe Properties. A yanayi na selenium - wani hadadden kunshi shida isotopes, yawanci tare da sulfur. Wannan da aka samu a filin wasa na sulfur dawo. Saboda haka m selenium - abin da yake da shi da kuma yadda yake haka m? Yana yana da yawa amfani Properties.

Tarihi na samu na selenium

Wannan sinadari da aka gano by Swedish sunadarai da mineralogist Yonsom Jakob Berzelius a 1817.

A kimiyya adabi ne tarihi na samu na ma'adinai, kamar yadda gaya wa da masana kimiyya.

Ya ce, da yayin da ya kuma wani masanin kimiyyar mai suna Johan Gottlieb Gan (samun daraja a matsayin discoverer na manganese da kuma nazarin da kaddarorin) ta gudanar da bincike a kan hanya na samar da sulfuric acid a Gripsholm.

A dakin gwaje-gwaje gwajen a sulfuric acid cake da admixture na ja haske launin ruwan kasa launi al'amari da aka samu. Lokacin da hulda tare da blowpipe daga sedimentary kayan zo da sauki redechny wari da kuma kafa gubar korolok. Berlin masanin Martin Klaproth jãyayya da cewa gaban da halayyar wari nuna gaban tellurium. Berzelius abokin aiki da ya lura da cewa, a cikin mahakar, wanda ya fitar da wannan acid don sulfur (a Falyune) ne ma irin wannan wari ne ji.

A cikin begen samun wani rare kwanan nan gano karfe (Te) a cikin bayani, da masana kimiyya samu saukar zuwa mafi cikakken nazari na laka, amma shi ne duk a banza. Bayan Berzelius tattara duk kayayyakin da suka tara a cikin 'yan watanni da samar da sulfuric acid da konewa na sulfur, da kuma fara gano.

Nazarin ya nuna cewa wani sabon da kuma a baya ba a sani ba rabi yana kama da kaddarorin da tellurium, amma shi ba. Tun da lokaci-lokaci tebur yana da wani sabon kashi - selenium.

Origin of sunan kashi

Asalin sunan da sabon kashi ne quite ban sha'awa. Lokaci-lokaci tebur ma'anar da sabon kashi kamar selenium (Se). The sunan da ya samu title na mu na halitta da tauraron dan adam.

Da farko, da Rasha bugu na kashi kira "selenium" (a karo na biyu shekaru goma na XIX karni). Daga baya, da sunan "selenium" aka sanya bayan 1835 shekara.

Properties na selenium

Formula Se - Hai. Narkewa batu abubuwa - 217 (α-Se), kuma 170-180 digiri Celsius (β-Se), da kuma tafasa a zazzabi na 685 ^0.

Hadawan abu da iskar shaka da cewa selenium farfado halayen: (-2), (2), (4), (6), shi ne resistant zuwa iska, oxygen, da ruwa, hydrochloric acid da kuma tsarma sulfuric acid.

Amenable ga rushe a nitric acid na babban taro, "Ruwa regia", shi ne ƙara narkewa a alkaline matsakaici tare da hadawan abu da iskar shaka.

selenium fom

Akwai biyu gyare-gyare na selenium:

1. Crystalline (monoclinic selenium DUNIYA, kuma b-siffofi, kyakkyawan selenium g-form).
2. A amorphous (foda, colloidal selenium da idon yayi kamar gilashi siffofin).

Gyara na amorphous selenium ja. Mene ne wannan? Daya daga cikin gyare-gyare na m kashi. A foda da colloidal siffofin selenium ake samu ta hanyar rage wani abu daga wani bayani da selenious acid WANNAN ₃ H _2.

Black vitreous selenium za a iya samu ta gasa kashi na wani canji zuwa da zazzabi na 220 digiri Celsius tare da m sanyaya.

Kyakkyawan selenium yana da wani m launi. Wannan gyara ne mafi barga thermodynamically, shi kuma za a iya samu ta hanyar dumama zuwa da narkewa zafin jiki da kara sanyaya zuwa da zazzabi na 180-210 digiri Celsius. Yana yana bukatar wasu lokaci don kula da wannan zazzabi.

selenium oxide

Akwai da dama daga oxides cewa an kafa ta dauki na selenium da oxygen: WANNAN _2, WANNAN _3, WANNAN, Se ₂ Ya _5. Kamar wancan WANNAN ₂ WANNAN ₃ da kuma - shi anhydrides selenious (H ₂ WANNAN ₃₎ da kuma selenium (H ₂ WANNAN ₄₎ acid wanda ya samar da salts selenite da selenate. Selenium oxide WANNAN ₂ (sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa) da kuma shi ne mafi barga.

Ban sha'awa gwaje-gwajen da selenium

Kafin fara gwaje-gwajen da wannan kashi, yana da daraja tuna cewa wani dangane da selenium ne mai guba, don haka wajibi ne a dauki dukkan matakan da aminci, misali, ci m kayan aiki da kuma gudanar da dauki a wani fume kaho.

selenium launi bayyana a cikin m ido dauki. Idan ƙetare sulfide gas ta cikin flask tare da selenous acid wanda yake mai kyau rage wakili, da sakamakon bayani zama rawaya, sa'an nan orange, kuma ƙarshe - jini ja.

Rauni bayani zai sa shi yiwuwa a samu wani colloidal amorphous selenium. Idan selenious acid taro zai zama high, sa'an nan da dauki zai shirya daga ja zuwa duhu burgundy launi foda. Yana da wani amorphous foda selenium elemental form.

Don ba abu ga idon yayi kamar gilashi jihar, shi ne zama dole don zafi da kuma kwantar da hanzari. A launi canje-canje ga baki, amma ja launi za a iya gani kawai a lokacin da kyan gani da haske.

Crystalline monoclinic selenium zai samu kadan mafi rikitarwa. Don yin wannan, kai karamin adadin ja foda da kuma gauraye da carbon disulfide. Don wani jirgin ruwa tare da cakuda buƙatar haɗi da reflux condenser kuma tafasa don 2 hours. Yana nan da sannu zã a fara samar da wata haske masu launin ruwa tare da wani haske kore tint, wadda za ta bukatar sannu a hankali ƙafe a wani akwati a karkashin tace takarda.

A amfani da selenium

Domin da farko lokacin da suka fara amfani da selenium a yumbu da kuma gilashin masana'antu. Wannan gaya mana, "A Guide to da rare karafa" 1965 edition.

Selenium da aka kara wa gilashin taro tare da view taga bleaching, kau greenish wanda ya ba najasa baƙin ƙarfe mahadi. Domin yaƙutu gilashi amfani a cikin gilashin masana'antu fili na selenium da cadmium (kadmoselit CdSe). A samar da yumbu kadmoselit shi ya ba shi wani ja launi, da kuma launuka na enamel.

selenium bit aka yi amfani a matsayin filler a cikin roba masana'antu kazalika a karfe - domin cewa sakamakon gami da lafiya hatsi tsarin.

Mafi yawa daga semiconductor fasahar da aka samar ta amfani da selenium. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da tashin kudin na mai abu kamar selenium. Farashin ya karu daga 3.3 zuwa 33 daloli a kowace 1 kg a 1930 da kuma 1956 bi da bi.

selenium kudin a duniya kasuwa a 2015 amounted zuwa $ 68 da 1 kg. Ganin cewa a cikin shekara ta 2012 a kilo na karfe ya daraja game da $ 130 da kilogram. Neman selenium (farashin da za a tabbatar) da dama a saboda high wadata.

The abu ne kuma yadu a yi amfani da kayan daukar hoto da dabara.

A gaban selenium a cikin jikin mutum

Our jiki ƙunshi game 10-14 MG na abu, wanda aka mayar da hankali zuwa mafi girma har a gabobin kamar hanta, koda, zuciya, baƙin ciki, testes da seminal igiyoyinsu a maza, kazalika da a cikin nuclei na sel.

Da bukatar a jikin mutum kamar na alama kashi selenium ne low. Total 55-70 micrograms ga manya. Matsakaicin kullum kashi ne 400 micrograms. Duk da haka, akwai wata cuta da ake kira Keshan cuta, wanda ya auku a lokacin da gaira na wannan kashi. Don game 60s selenium dauke guba abu, wanda yana da mummunan tasiri a kan jikin mutum. Amma bayan wani cikakken binciken da aka yi akasin ƙarshe.

Sau da yawa ganewa na pathological abun ciki na selenium likitoci iya rubũta shirye na musamman dauke da wani hade da tutiya, selenium, magnesium, da abubuwa, wanda tare yin up for ta karanci a cikin jiki. Hakika, ba ban da kayayyakin dake dauke da selenium.

Gurbin kan jiki

Selena rike da wani sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar da kwayoyin:

• shi activates na rigakafi da tsarin - "stimulates" da farin jini Kwayoyin mafi aiki da tasiri a kan cutarwa microorganisms (ƙwayoyin cuta).
• inda hakan ya saukar da tsufa da matakai a cikin jiki.
• Ya rage hadarin arrhythmias, kwatsam cardiac mutuwa, ko oxygen yunwa saboda da slowing saukar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na cholesterol.
• accelerates jini ya kwarara zuwa cikin kwakwalwa, activates shafi tunanin mutum aiki, sauqaqa bayyanar cututtuka na melancholy da ciki (gajiya, lethargy, ciki da kuma restlessness).
• damuarn ci gaban da ciwon daji Kwayoyin, mallakan antioxidant Properties.
• aiki selenium yãki free radicals.
• ta maida martani da Vitamin E abubuwa a matsayin wani anti-mai kumburi wakili.

Hakika, ba za mu iya watsi da irin wannan muhimmanci alama kashi dukiya, a matsayin agaji a yaki da m ƙwayoyin cuta: HIV / AIDS, hepatitis, Ebola.

Saboda gaban selenium cutar cost cikin cell. abu su hana yaduwar cutar a ko'ina cikin jiki. Amma idan selenium bai isa ba, shi ba ya aiki aiki yadda ya kamata.

Kudin shiga da hadaddun na selenium da aidin zai taimaka dakatar da wani m cuta na thyroid gland shine yake (rashin thyroxin), da kuma a wasu lokuta ya inganta komawa da baya daga cuta (more yara).

Har ila yau a cikin magani selenium da ake amfani da rigakafin ciwon sukari, saboda shi accelerates da amfani na glucose da jiki.

Da miyagun ƙwayoyi za a iya gudanar da bitamin ga mata masu ciki. Ya taimaka wajen magance da bayyanar cututtuka na yawan guba, taimaka gajiya da ya dauke ka ruhohi.

Rashi na selenium

Me ya sa a jiki na iya zama wani rashin wani abu kamar selenium? Mene ne shi - "selenium rashi" da kuma yadda za ku yi yãƙi da shi? A gaskiya, wannan m cuta, duk da cewa shi ya auku wuya.

Yana da muhimmanci a san cewa mafi munin maƙiyi wannan abu ne, ba shakka, carbohydrates - gari, mai dadi. A hade tare da selenium su sosai talauci samamme ta jiki da kuma wannan zai iya faruwa da rashin ta.

Mene ne bayyanar cututtuka na rashi? Da farko shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wasan kwaikwayon za a rage da kuma sauran yanayi tare da selenium rashi.

selenium karancin raunana rigakafi da tsarin, inda jikin zama mafi saukin kamuwa zuwa cututtuka daban-daban kamar na hankali da jiki da jirgin sama.

Har ila yau, a rashi na dũkiyõyinsu a cikin jiki karya saukar da aiwatar da assimilation na bitamin E.

Ainihin ãyõyin selenium rashi ne: zafi a tsokoki da kuma gidajen abinci, wanda bai kai ba gajiya, anemia, koda cututtuka suna aggravated, da kuma pancreas.

Amma idan ka ji wani daga cikin cututtuka, a wani hali, kada tafiyar da kai-magani. Dole bukatar ziyarci likita da tuntubar game da bukatar liyafar da wasu kwayoyi. In ba haka ba, za ka iya hannu fararwa wani wuce haddi na selenium, wanda shi ne mafi muni a wasu lokuta. Alal misali, idan wani mutum tare da ciwon daji ne da wani uncontrolled Take selenium sinadarai (jiyyar cutar sankara) ba zai iya aiki.

rarar selenium

selenium oversaturation kuma samar da illar kan kwayoyin. Babban fasali su ne ragi: gashi da ƙusa cututtuka, lalacewar hakora, m gajiya da juyayi cuta, anorexia, abin da ya faru na dermatitis, amosanin gabbai, kuma yellowness da kuma fata peeling.

Amma idan ba ka yi aiki a wuraren da selenium hakar, ko ba zaune a kusa da wuraren da samar da wani abu da ba zai iya zama m wuce haddi selenium a cikin jiki.

Selenium-arzikin abinci

Mafi yawa daga selenium da aka samu a nama da kuma hanta - naman alade, da naman sa, kaza, agwagwa, ko turkey hanta. Alal misali, 100 grams na turkey hanta dauke 71 da kuma a cikin naman alade - 53 microgram selenium.

100 grams nama dorinar ruwa ya ƙunshi 44,8 micrograms na selenium. Har ila yau, rage cin abinci ya kamata hada da abinci, irin su jatan lande, kifi, qwai, masara, da shinkafa, da wake, da sha'ir, da waken soya, da sha'ir, alkama, Peas, Broccoli, burodi-m yisti (sarrafa mai tsanani zuwa 60 digiri da ruwa). Kada ka manta game da kwayoyi - pistachios, almonds, walnuts da kuma gujiya ma dauke da selenium, albeit a kananan yawa.

Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa a cikin aiki da kayayyakin da abu da aka rasa, tserar da kuma fi mai da hankali sun dauki rabin selenium fiye da sabo abinci. Saboda haka, a duk lokacin da zai yiwu, shi wajibi ne a yi amfani da matsayin da yawa sabo abinci tare da selenium.