Chemical da jiki Properties na kayan

Yau, akwai game da miliyan 2.5 na daban-daban mahadi, duka biyu da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa da kuma artificially hada da mutum. Su ne duk sosai daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu - da muhimmanci mahalarta a cikin nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Mahadi bambanta da juna kaddarorin da abubuwa. Bayani dalla-dalla da kuma abin da yake har yanzu zai yiwu a gano wani musamman sinadaran kwayoyin, aka bayyana a kasa.

Me ya sãme?

Idan ka ba mai definition wannan ra'ayi, shi ne zama dole a nuna ta dangane da jiki jikinsu. Bayan duk, da abu yana dauke su daidai da abin da shi ya kunshi wadannan jikuna. Alal misali, gilashin, da baƙin ƙarfe, sulfur, itace - wani abu. Misalai za a iya kawo rashin iyaka. Sauqin fahimta da wadannan: Mun la'akari da lokaci tana nufin kome a duniya akwai wani iri-iri daban-daban haduwa da kwayoyin, kazalika da sauki monatomic barbashi.

Saboda haka, ruwa, barasa, acid, alkalis, sunadarai, carbohydrates, gishiri, sugar, yashi, lãka, lu'u-lu'u, gas, da dai sauransu - shi ne abu. Misalai na iya zama mafi fili kama jigon wannan ra'ayi.

Jiki na zahiri - shi ne mai samfurin, wanda aka halitta da yanayi ko da mutum a kan tushen da daban-daban mahadi. Alal misali, gilashin - a jiki wanda ya kunshi gilashin da kuma takardar da takarda - a jiki wanda shi ne mai sarrafa cellulose ko itace.

Hakika, duk da kwayoyin ne daban-daban. Mene ne dalilin da bambance-bambance, suka kira Properties - jiki, sinadaran da organoleptic Properties. Suna tsare ta amfani da dabaru na musamman da kowane kimiyya ta. Yana iya zama ilmin lissafi, analytical, gwaji, instrumental hanyoyin, da kuma masu yawa fiye da iri-iri. Alal misali, da kimiyya da sunadarai amfani ga kowane abu, ko kuma wajen, don gane da shi, ka wakili. Ya aka zaba a kan tushen tsarin fasali na kwayoyin da kuma hango ko hasashen sinadaran Properties. Sa'an nan gwada gwaje amince da gyarawa a cikin msar tambayar akai.

rarrabuwa na abubuwa

Dalili na rabo a cikin kungiyoyin na mahadi za a iya sa mutane da yawa daban-daban fasali. Alal misali, a Jihar tari. Dukan su iya zama a kan wannan factor na iri hudu:

• jini.
• gas.
• ruwa.
• crystalline abu (m).

Idan muka dauki matsayin dalilin wani more "zurfin" ãyã, duk kayan za a iya raba:

• Organic - tushen a, sarƙoƙi da hawan keke na carbon da hydrogen atoms.
• inorganic - duk sauran.

A elemental abun da ke ciki na wanda nuna mahadi daga cikin dabara, su ne:

• sauki - guda irin sinadaran kwayoyin halitta.
• hadaddun - biyu ko fiye daban-daban na abubuwa.

Bi da bi, talakawa kasu kashi karafa da kuma nonmetals. Nagartaccen da yawa azuzuwan: salts, da kwasfansu, acid, oxides, esters, hydrocarbons, alcohols, nucleic acid da sauransu.

Iri daban-daban mahadi na dabarbari

Abin da ya bayyana a sarari, da cewa shi ne wanda aka zana, nuni sadarwa? Hakika, wannan dabara abubuwa. Su ne daban-daban. Dangane da irin bayani kunshe a su ne ma daban-daban a kan kwayoyin. Saboda haka, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka:

1. Empirical ko kwayoyin. Yana nuna gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari abun da ke ciki na abu. Yana hada alamomin na ga abubuwa da index a cikin ƙananan hagu kusurwa na shi, da nuna yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin. Alal misali, H ₂ Ya, Na ₂ SO _4, AL ₂ (SO _{4) 3.}
2. Electron diffraction. Wannan dabara ya nuna da yawan valence electrons da kowane kashi da ke cikin fili. Saboda haka, irin wannan embodiment riga yiwu ga hasashen da wasu daga cikin sinadaran da jiki Properties na abubuwa.
3. A kwayoyin sunadarai na kowa don amfani cike da kuma rage tsawon tsarin dabarbari. Su yi tunani da tsari na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin, haka ma, ya nuna a fili wani abu na ga wani musamman aji na mahadi. Kuma shi ba ka damar daidai sanin takamaiman irin kwayoyin da kuma hango ko hasashen dukan halaye ga ta hadin gwiwa.

Saboda haka, sinadaran alamomin da daidai tsara mahadi dabara - manyan ɓangare na aikin da duk aka sani abubuwa. Wannan ne msar tambayar dalilin cewa kowa da kowa ya kamata ka sani da dalibi wanda karatu sunadarai.

jiki Properties

A muhimmanci sosai halayyar da jiki Properties an nuna ta kayan. Wannan fall a cikin wannan kungiya?

1. Jiki jihar a karkashin daban-daban yanayi, ciki har da misali.
2. da reflux zazzabi, narkewa, misãlin, evaporation.
3. Organoleptic halaye: launi, kamshi, da dandano.
4. Solubility a ruwa da kuma sauran kaushi (kwayoyin, misali).
5. The yawa da kuma fluidity, danko.
6. Lantarki da kuma thermal watsin, zafi damar.
7. Schematic permeability.
8. Radioactivity.
9. Absorption da kuma watsi.
10. Inductance.

Akwai kuma jerin Manuniya, waxanda suke da muhimmanci sosai ga cikakken jerin, nuna da kaddarorin abubuwa. Duk da haka, su ne tsakanin jiki da kuma sinadaran. Su ne:

• lantarki m .
• rubuta crystal raga.
• electronegativity.
• taurin da brittleness.
• malleability da ductility.
• volatility ko danshin.
• nazarin halittu effects a kan halittu (m, gagarumin, jijiya jamiái, tsaka tsaki, da amfani, da dai sauransu).

Sau da yawa wadannan Figures ne da aka ambata daidai lokacin da riga aikatã kai tsaye tare da sinadaran Properties na abubuwa. Duk da haka, za ka iya saka su a cikin jiki sashe cewa kuskure ba zai zama.

A sunadarai Properties na abubuwa

Wannan kungiya ta hada dukkan yiwu iri hulda da kwayoyin da sauran sauki da hadaddun abubuwa. Wannan shi ne kai tsaye sunadarai dauki. Domin kowane irin connection suna tsananin musamman. Duk da haka, ware kowa kungiyar Properties ga dukan ajin na abubuwa.

Alal misali, duk da acid na iya maida martani tare da karafa, bisa ga matsayi a cikin electrochemical jerin karafa voltages. Har ila yau, domin duk hankula neutralization dauki tare da Alkali, da martani da insoluble sansanonin. Duk da haka, mayar da hankali sulfuric acid da kuma nitric musamman, tun da kayayyakin da suka dauki tare da karafa bambanta samu ta hanyar irin wannan halayen da sauran 'yan aji.

Chemical kaddarorin da yawa kowane abu. Da lambar da aka ƙaddara da ayyuka na fili, cewa shi ne, da ikon amsa tare da sauran gyara. Akwai sosai amsawa, akwai kusan inert. Wannan shi ne tsananin wani mutum siga.

sauki al'amarin

Wadannan sun hada da masu cewa kunshi guda irin zarra, amma daban-daban a da lambar. Alal misali, S _8, Yã _2, Yã _{3, Au,} N _2, P _4, CL _2, Ar, da sauransu.

A sunadarai Properties na sauki abubuwa an rage wa hulɗa tare da:

• karafa.
• ba-karafa.
• ruwa.
• acid.
• alkalis da amphoteric hydroxides.
• gudanar da mahadi.
• salts.
• oxides.
• peroxide da anhydride, da sauran kwayoyin.

Sake ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne tsallaka takamaiman halaye na kowane batu. Saboda haka, jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na sauki abubuwa suna dauke akayi daban-daban.

hadaddun abubuwa

Wannan kungiyar hada da irin wannan mahadi, kwayoyin na wanda aka kafa ta biyu ko fiye daban-daban da sinadaran abubuwa. The adadin kowane daga cikinsu na iya zama daban-daban. Don gane da ba 'yan sauki misalai:

• H ₃ PO _4;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6].
• Cu (OH) _2.
• LiF.
• AL ₂ Ya ₃ da sauransu.

Tun da su duk mallakar daban-daban azuzuwan da abubuwa, gane kowa jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye ga duk zai yiwu ba. Wannan musamman Properties, musamman da kuma mutum a kowane hali.

inorganics

Su a yau, akwai fiye da 500 da dubu. Akwai duka sauki da kuma hadaddun. A total akwai dama manyan azuzuwan na inorganic mahadi, wanda duk su bambancin.

1. Simple abu karafa.
2. Oxides.
3. Simple abubuwa da ba-karafa.
4. Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama ko inert gas.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. Volatile hydrogen fili.
8. Hydrides.
9. Gishiri.
10. Acid.
11. Base.
12. Amphoteric fili.

Duk wani wakilin kowane aji na da sa na zahiri da kuma sinadaran Properties cewa ba da damar rarrabe shi daga sauran mahadi da kuma gane.

Kadarorin kwayoyin abubuwa

Organics - shi ne wani ɓangare daga sunadarai cewa hulda da nazarin mahadi wasu fiye da inorganic, da dũkiyõyinsu. carbon atoms underlie su tsari, suna iya haɗa tare da juna a cikin daban-daban Tsarin:

• Ƙirgar ko branched sarkar.
• hawan keke.
• aromatic zobe.
• heterocycles.

Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta an hada kawai na irin wannan mahadi, a matsayin tushen rai - ne sunadarai, fats da kuma carbohydrates. Dukan su - wakilan da kwayoyin abubuwa. Saboda haka, da kaddarorin su fasali. Amma a wani hali, ko da abin da irin kwayoyin a cikin tambaya, shi ne har yanzu domin shi za a halin da wasu sa na zahiri da kuma sinadaran Properties, wanda muka ambata a baya.

Mene ne wani rai al'amari?

Yana kira rai al'amari na wanda aka hada da dukan biomass na duniya tamu. Wato, waɗanda kwayoyin da cewa yin up rai a kan shi:

• kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.
• protozoa.
• shuke-shuke.
• dabbobi.
• namomin kaza.
• mutane.

Tun da girma daga cikin mahadi a cikin halittu masu rai - Organic, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da su zuwa ga wani rukuni na rayuwa al'amarin. Duk da haka, ba duka. Sani kawai, waɗanda suke da muhimmanci ga da wanzuwar rai wakilan da biosphere. Su sunadarai, nucleic acid, ba ji ba gani, bitamin, fats, carbohydrates, amino acid da sauransu. Kalmar "rai al'amari" da aka gabatar Vernadsky, wanda ya kafa ka'idar da biosphere na duniya.

A Properties na rai al'amari:

• mallaki makamashi da yiwuwar ta hira.
• kai-tsari.
• da son rai da motsi.
• canzawar zamananku.
• matsananci bambancin.

Lu'ulu'u da kuma ƙarfe abubuwa

Yana nufin duka crystalline mahadi da ciwon wasu irin raga tsarin. Akwai sadarwa zuwa atomic, kwayoyin ko ƙarfe crystal raga. Dangane da irin da kaddarorin da daban-daban crystalline abubuwa. Hankula m mahadi ciwon view fine- ko m crystallites ne daban-daban salts.

Akwai ma sauki abubuwa da irin wannan tsarin, kamar graphite ko lu'u-lu'u, da daraja, da Semi-duwatsu masu daraja, ma'adanai, kankara. Ainihin Properties na su:

• taurin.
• fragility.
• talakawan narkewa da kuma tafasar zazzabi.

Duk da haka, kamar yadda ko da yaushe, kowane fasalin bazai dace da kowa da kowa.

Metal Properties abubuwa nuna karafa, su gami. Domin su, a sa na janar halaye:

• malleability da ductility.
• high tafasar batu, dab batu;
• lantarki da kuma thermal watsin.
• ƙarfe luster.