10 kadan-san gaskiya game da sanannen Kyaftin James Cook

Dzheyms Kuk shi ne navigator, wanda a lokacin da yake takaice rai ga gaci da soyayya da abokai da kuma girmama abokan gaba. Da masu bincike suka yi mamakin da ya Sahaban-tasiri da kuma yadda ya dace. Ya sanya biyu Voyages zagaye duniya, ya iya gaba da duniya taswira da kuma gano kudancin tsibiran tekun Pacific da kuma Arctic kankara. Kusan 150 shekaru sun shude tun cikin jirgin "Endeavor" (da Endeavor, wanda ke nufin "} o} arin") a karon farko ya sauka a kan gabashin gaba na Australia. Kasa ne 10 kadan-san gaskiya game da Captain Cook, wanda a alfijir ya aiki, ya yi alkawarin iyo "kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda zai yiwu."

1. Cook tafi bauta a cikin Navy gwada da marigayi

Kafin barin Navy, Cook yi aiki a wata gona a Yorkshire. A 17, ya soja kurum marar a cikin kasuwanci jiragen ruwa, da jirgin kekunan 'yan'uwa. Ya shiga jirgin ruwa a kan daban-daban jiragen ruwa na kamfanin domin kusan shekaru 10, tirelessly karatu cartography, labarin kasa, lissafi da kuma kewayawa. Dzheyms Kuk ki sanya wani shugaba, na m jirgin da kuma maimakon shiga cikin Royal Navy a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa. Cook ya 26 years old. Umurnin kusan nan da nan ya yaba da iyawa da kuma kwarewa daga cikin sabon recruits, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya zama wani master dafa, da kuma a 'yan shekaru baya da aka bai umurnin nasa jirgin.

2. Ya kasance mai gwani cartographer

A lokacin da shekaru bakwai 'War cartographic gwaninta na James Cook ya taimaka Birtaniya lashe Battle of Quebec. A 1760, a kansa jirgi, ya bincika tsibirin Newfoundland, located kashe bakin tekun na Canada. A taswira halitta Cooke ya haka m cewa an yi amfani da har tsakiyar XX karni. Kyaftin Cook ta basira a cikin kewayawa da navigation sun zama babban arsenal na ta bincike ayyukan. Ya aka yarda ka bar a wani tafiya a kusa da duniya a kan nasu jirgin zuwa mafi girma har saboda yana iya, kamar babu sauran, to kewaya in ba a sani ba ruwa.

3. A farko duniya yawon shakatawa na Captain Cook a gaskiya a asirce manufa

A farko bincike balaguro na Captain Cook ya fara a watan Agusta 1768, gwamnatin Birtaniya izini a umurninsa na jirgin "Endeavor", wanda ya ƙidaya game da mutum ɗari da ƙungiya. Hukumance, da tafiya yana da kimiyya manufa - su tsayar da nassi na Venus a kan hasken rana madawwama biyu, amma a gaskiya da kyaftin na da wani ƙarin aiki - domin bincika da "Great Kudancin nahiyar." Kamar yadda zato, Duniya ta taro da aka located nisa zuwa kudu. Cook ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa 40th layi daya, amma samu wani alama na nahiyar. Ya shiga jirgin ruwa a kusa da New Zealand, da gaskatashi, cewa a gaskiya yana da biyu tsibiran cewa ba su da alaka da juna. A lokacin da ya biyu tafiya, a duniya, Cook ya ci gaba da search na kudancin nahiyar. A 1770, ya swam wuce yarda kusa da Antarctica, amma nauyi kankara tilasta masa ya jũya bãya.

4. "Endeavor" kusan nutse a kan Great Shamaki Reef

Bayan da ya fara tafiya Cook yanke shawarar gudãna daga Australia zuwa arewa. Saboda ya zabi ba a sani ba ruwa, da jirgin ya shiga jirgin ruwa a mike zuwa murjãni na Great Shamaki Reef. Yuni 11, 1770 "ungiyar Endeavor" da aka karya da kuma fara cika da ruwa. Tawagar, tsoron auka, ya zama wata yarjejeniya tare da zuba, kuma ko da ya jefa a teku, da nauyi bindigogi da kuma ganga. A tawagar na fiye da ashirin sa'o'i na rufaffiyar rami, bayan da "ungiyar Endeavor" ya koma a Australian harbor. Bayan 2 watanni na gyare-gyare da jirgin ya sake shirya gudãna daga Coast.

5. Dzheyms Kuk amfani da sabon hanyoyin da rigakafin scurvy

A cikin XVIII karni, wani dogon tafiya tare da wani m cuta - scurvy, amma Cook ya iya kauce wa bayyanar a duk uku daga cikin dogon lokacin da expeditions. Kyaftin Cook kokarin in saya sabo abinci a kowace tasha. Bugu da kari, ya lura da cewa, m yin amfani da abinci mai arziki a cikin bitamin m kabeji rage hadarin cuta. A lokacin shirye-shirye domin expeditions, Cook aka keɓe ton na kabeji. Sai dai matsalar da aka samu da matuƙan da wannan sabon abu tasa. Cook ya tafi da abin zamba da kuma tambayi ke dafa wa mi kullum da jami'an 'tebur sauerkraut. A matuƙan ga umurnin cin wannan tasa, ya fara tambayar kansu ƙara ta a rage cin abinci.

6. Ko da kasar Birtaniya ta makiya mutunta Captain Cook

Duk da cewa da tafiya ya faru a Cook wani lokaci a lokacin da Birtaniya yake yaƙi da jihohi da dama, daga cikinsu Amurka da Spain da kuma Faransa, da suna - fice Navigator da mai bincike - yarda da shi zuwa iyo a maƙiyi ruwaye, a cikin zumunta aminci. A watan Yuli 1772, a lokacin da na biyu tafiya, a duniya, da Spanish rundujar soja masu dawaki taƙaice tsare da jiragen ruwa, amma sanin cewa su kyaftin ya Cook, suka bar jirgin.

7. Captain Cook aka neman wani arewa maso yammacin nassi

A 1776, a shekaru 47, Cook ya tafi zuwa ga uku exploratory balaguro. Wannan lokaci, ya burin ya samu arewa maso yamma nassi, wanda ta haɗu da Pacific da kuma Atlantic tekuna. Skirting da rabi na duniya, jirãge Cook gangarawa zuwa arewacin gaba na yammacin Canada da kuma Alaska. Cook kai kusan zuwa izinin, ba shiga jirgin ruwa da duka na 50 mil. Bugu da ari bincike ba zai yiwu saboda da hanzari inganta kankara. Matsananci yanayi, daga cikinsu akwai karfi igiyoyin da kuri'a na m icebergs, ya kawo cikin tawagar da Cook buga. Ganin yanayi da ya matuƙan, Cook aka tilasta koma.

8. Hawaiian mazauni dauki Kyaftin Cook a matsayin wani abin bautawa

A lokacin da na uku tafiya Dzheyms Kuk zama na farko da Turai ya kafa kafar a kan Hawaiian Islands. An m daidaituwa shi ne cewa da isowa daga cikin jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy zuwa Hawaii ya zo daidai da shekara-shekara bikin girmama na gunkin haihuwa. Tun da na gida yawan da bai taba gani fari mutane ko da babban jirgin a kan wanda suka shiga jirgin ruwa, Cook da sahabbansa da aka dauka domin gumaka, wanda ya yanke shawarar in je saukar da kai kyautai. Turawa gaugawa warwason matsayin kyauta, da kuma abinci, kusan tauye da mazauni ne na edibles. Su "allahntaka" rayuwa ne a kan lokacin da daya daga cikin jirgin ya mutu daga wani ciwon zuciya. Da mazauni ga m fari mutane ne ba m. Tun daga nan, da dangantakar dake tsakanin Captain Cook da Hawaiian kabilan aka mai tsanani rauni.

9. Captain Dzheyms Kuk mutu a m mutuwa

A 1779, Kyaftin Cook ta jiragen ruwa ya daina don gyare-gyare a cikin Bay na Hawaii. By cewa lokaci, mazauna yankin suka fara yi wa baƙi sosai maƙiya a Turawa. Bayan da mazauni sace jirgin ruwan daga daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa, da kyaftin rasa iko da kuma ta gangara zuwa cikin ƙasar da ake bukata don komawa dukiya. Cook da kuma wani karamin rukuni na makamai maza kokarin kama shugaba, amma da yan unguwa iya zo da ceto. Kokarin fitar da tafi da gida yawan daga cikin kyaftin da mutanensa, a kan jirãge fara harbe-harben bindigogi, wanda kara fusatar da kuma tsoratar da mazauni. Cook giftawa da jirgin ruwan, amma ba su da lokacin da za a gudanar da su. Da mazauni jajjefe shi, da kuma kama sama da kuma fara buga nauyi katako clubs. The shugaban, wanda kyaftin aka ƙoƙarin kama, rauni Cook wuka. Bayan da na gida da mutane suka fahimci cewa kyaftin aka kashe, suka shirya gudanar da bincike ta jiki domin binne tare da cikakken karrama cancanci sarki.

10. NASA ya mai suna ta shuttles bayan Captain Cook ta jirgin

A lokacin rayuwarsa, Cook bincika da kuma tsara da m yawan yankunan, fiye da wani mai bincike XVIII karni. Ya m nasarori burge ba kawai matuƙan, amma NASA masana kimiyya da kuma injiniyoyi. The uku sarari jigila NASA aka mai suna bayan Cook ta uku jirgin "Discovery". Su karshe jigila da aka mai suna "Endeavor", a cikin girmamawa ta farko jirgin na Captain Cook, inda ya sanya na farko tafiya a duniya.