A DiSSiDENT motsi: Sanadin kuma Sakamako

A cikin 60s na karshe karni, manta kamar wata ƙarni da suka wuce, da kalmar "adawa" sake zo a cikin yin amfani. Saboda haka fara kiran mutanen da suka yi magana da wani bude kuma jama'a zargi da Soviet gwamnati. Ta yaya kuma me ya sa akwai da DiSSiDENT motsi, da kuma wanda ya nemi a cimma da wakilan?

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara

Bari mu fara da tarihin lokaci. Ya bayyana a wannan zamanin na canji - shi ne to a cikin Commonwealth zo da za a kira adawa (a Latin - "dissenters") mutanen da suka ba na da rinjaye cocin Katolika. Wuya wani tunani sa'an nan cewa Kalmar za a haifi da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin wata kasa.

Bayan rasuwar Stalin a cikin tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet, a lokacin da aka sani da Khrushchev narke. A jama'a rai, da gaske "warmer": akwai matasa da m ƙungiya, marubuta da kuma kasida fara shãfe a cikin ayyukansu dakatar da artists zama mafi free a cikin m search. Chilling tsoron danniya daina shanyayyen mutane, kuma mafi sau da yawa daga cikin kawo dukkan Kur'ani m na siyasa na "jam'iyyar da gwamnati." Wadannan dissenters hukumomi ba ya so ya ji, amma su ne mafi vocal - haruffa, articles, littattafai, zanga-zangar. Saboda haka, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya fara bayyana DiSSiDENT motsi.

Yanaye shi za a iya raba uku yankunan: National Liberation, hakkin dan Adam da kuma addini. Na farko shi ne hali na kasa jamhuriyoyin (Baltic jihohi, Ukraine, Georgia da Armenia, da dai sauransu). Its wakilan aka adawa da zalunci na kasa harsuna, for free amfani da su a kan wani par tare da Rasha, da kuma a nan gaba - don karfafawa daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar jamhuriyoyin ko su ballewa daga tarayyar. Human hakkin yanki da aka watsa daga cikin daban-daban jamhuriyoyin, mafi hankula shi ne ga Rasha. Its wakilan sun yi yaƙi domin 'yancin magana da kuma a kan tauye hakkin dan Adam. Lalle ne waɗanda suka wakilci DiSSiDENT motsi a fagen addini, kokarin kare hakkin mũminai, suka yi yaƙi da ƙulli daga majami'u.

A siffofin gwagwarmaya

Duk da cewa da kalmar "adawa" gama wakilan da mafi bambancin igiyoyin, bã da wani abu a na kowa. Lalle ne waɗanda suka wakilci DiSSiDENT motsi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an zabe m siffofin zanga-zanga. Yana iya zama roko ga hukumomi da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa na keta hakkin dan Adam, tarurruka game da duk wani siyasa da suka faru (kamar Soviet mamayewa na Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1968). Amma mafi mashahuri nau'i na rashin amincewa da aka da ake kira samizdat - littafin da leaflets, articles, ba bisa doka ba periodicals, littattafan m da hukumomi da kuma gaya game da halin da ake ciki a kasar. Wadannan sun hada da duk-Union littafin "Chronicle of Current Events" (1968-1983 gg.), "Ukrainian Herald" (aka buga a Ukrainian adawa 1970-1972.). Amma ga littattafai ko articles, su yawan wuya a ko da lissafãwa.

A DiSSiDENT motsi sau da yawa ba su da wata hujja ƙungiya siffofin. Yana iya zama a karkashin kasa kungiyoyin, kulake, ƙungiyoyi, amma sau da yawa kamar adawa a lamba tare da juna ba tare da kafa wani shiri. A DiSSiDENT motsi a Ukraine da aka wakilta irin Figures a matsayin Viacheslav Chornovil, Levko Lukyanenko, Ivan Dziuba, a Rasha - Aleksandrom Solzhenitsynym, Andreem Saharovym, Vladimir Bukovsky, daga cikin Crimean Tatars Mustafa Dzhemilev aka sani.

A marigayi 60 ta adawa fara nema don a halatta ayyukan. A farko da ba na gwamnati kungiyar, ya fito fili ya bayyana kansu la'akari da wani shirin kungiyar na kare hakkin dan adam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, halitta a cikin May 1968, shi kunshi mutane 15. A shekarar 1975, Tarayyar Soviet hannu kuma aka buga Final dokar da Helsinki ya haɗu, daya daga cikin wuraren da aka kare hakkin dan adam. Wannan taron spurred adawa don ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in ba na gwamnati kungiyoyin - kungiyoyin sauƙaƙe aiwatar da Helsinki ya haɗu. A farko wannan kungiyar da aka kafa a watan Mayu 1976 a birnin Moscow, wadannan ta da wani irin kungiyoyi a Ukraine, Armenia, Lithuania, Georgia. Members na kungiyoyin da hannu a cikin littafin na bayanai a kan keta hakkin ɗanÁdam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya ruwaito lokuta na take hakkin da Helsinki ya haɗu a cikin Soviet hukumomi da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.

Ikon gwagwarmaya da adawa

A zanga-zangar na adawa ikon m zuwa daban-daban siffofin danniya. Mafi kasance m sallama da kuma wani na ban a kan sana'a, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa jiya ta masana sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin masu tsaron ƙofofi ko stokers. Alal misali, akwai wadanda suka sanya hannu daban-daban haruffa da zanga-zanga a shekaru 60. Don ƙarin mataki - zanga-zanga, samar da karkashin kasa da kungiyoyin - da aka yankewa hukuncin daban-daban sharuddan na kurkuku kuma a kai su bauta. Ya ɓullo da wani layin na danniya a matsayin punitive magani a lokacin da adawa furuci tunani da rashin lafiya da kuma aika ga wajibi magani. Tare da girmamawa ga 'yan Helsinki kungiyoyin amfani da ƙiren ƙarya da laifi lokuta, domin raunana su, a cikin idanu na kasa da kasa.

By tsakiyar 80 ta DiSSiDENT motsi aka kusan hallaka. Mafi yawa daga cikin mafi yawan aiki na membobinta sun kasance a cikin sansanonin, ko a zaman talala, da yawa kawai gusa daga aiki. Amma duk da haka da wanzuwar adawa bai kasance a banza. Ayyukansu sun zama Soviet jama'a madadin tushen bayani a cikin hanyoyi da yawa shirya auka daga cikin totalitarian tsarin mulki. A wani zamanin gyara su zaman jama'a kwarewa tabbatar da amfani a samar da sabon, gaba daya doka kungiyoyin, sanya shi yiwuwa a shirya gwagwarmayar da jamhuriyoyin daga Union da kuma samuwar m jihohi.