A jikin fungi an kafa ta abin? Tsarin siffofin na jiki na naman gwari

Mulkin fungi hada yawa jinsunan. Lower fungi ciki kwayoyin. Dubi su mutum zai iya fãce cewa kawai ta microscope ko spoiled abinci. Higher fungi da wani hadadden tsarin da kuma manyan size. Za su iya girma a ƙasar da kuma a cikin kututturan itatuwa, nemo su inda akwai samun kwayoyin abubuwa. Fungi jiki kafa na bakin ciki, tam dab da juna hyphae. Wadannan su ne nau'in da cewa mu yi amfani da su tattara a cikin kwandon, tafiya ta cikin dazuzzuka.

Higher fungi - agaricales

Zai yiwu kowa da kowa yana da wani cikakken ra'ayin abin da ya kama wani talakawa naman kaza. Kowa ya san inda za su iya girma da kuma lokacin da za su iya a samu. Amma a gaskiya shi ne, ba haka sauki da kuma wakilan mulkin na fungi. Sun bambanta daga juna a tsari da kuma tsarin. Jikin fungi hyphae kafa plexus. Mafi yawa daga cikin sani jinsunan da ƙafãfu da kuma a hat, wanda za a iya fentin a launi daban-daban. Kusan duk da namomin kaza da cewa mutum ya ci, ya kira agaricales domin. Wannan kungiyar hada da nau'in kamar namomin kaza, shaft, namomin kaza, chanterelles, namomin kaza, da fari, volnushki da haka. Forth. Saboda haka wajibi ne ka yi nazarin tsarin da wadannan fungi more.

A general tsarin mafi girma fungi

Naman kaza jiki kafa saka multinucleated giant Kwayoyin - hyphae cewa yin up plektenhimu. Mai pileate wakilan game agaricales ne a fili kasu kashi zagaye-dimbin yawa hat da ƙafa. Irin wannan waje tsarin ne ma wasu jinsuna na zuwa afilloforovye da morels. Duk da haka, ko da daga agaricales akwai ban. A wasu jinsunan, da kafa na iya zama wani gefen ko gaba daya ba a nan. Kuma jiki Gasteromycetes fungi aka kafa don haka da cewa irin wannan rabo ba a gano, da kuma bã su da wani hula. Su tuberous, clavate, mai siffar zobe siffar ko irin na star.

Hat kare fata, a karkashin abin da yake a Layer na ɓangaren litattafan almara. Ya iya samun haske launi da kuma wari. Kafa ko dungu a haɗe zuwa substrate. Wannan na iya zama gona, a zaune itace, ko dabba gawar. Dungu, yawanci m, ta surface dabam dangane da nau'in. Yana iya zama da santsi, scaly, velvety.

Higher fungi haifa jima'i da kuma asexually. Mafiya yawa na siffofin spores. A vegetative jikin naman gwari ne ake kira mycelium. Ya kunshi bakin ciki sashe hyphae. GIFA - shi kara thread cewa yana da apical girma. Suna iya ba da baffles, a cikin irin wannan yanayin, da mycelium aka hada da daya giant multinuclear, sosai branched Kwayoyin. Vegetative jiki na fungi zai iya ci gaba ba wai kawai a cikin arzikin ƙasa kwayoyin halitta, amma kuma a cikin itace na rayayyu da matattu kututturan, a kan kututture, Tushen, da kuma da yawa kasa a cikin sarƙaƙƙiya.

A tsarin da fruiting jikin naman gwari pileate

Fruiting jikin mafi agaricales myagkomyasistye kuma m. A lokacin da ka samun koma baya, su ayan rot. A lokacin da suka rayuwa ne kadan. Wasu namomin kaza tare da bayyanar da ƙasa, kuma zuwa karshe mataki na ci gaba iya daukar kawai 'yan sa'o'i, wani lokacin shi yana kamar wata kwana.

Sporocarp kunshi wani hula da kuma a tsakiya located kafafu. Wani lokaci, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da kara iya bace. Iyakoki zo a cikin daban-daban masu girma dabam, daga 'yan millimeters to dubun santimita. Shan yawo ta cikin gandun daji, za ka iya ganin yadda daga ƙasa a kan siririn m kafafu girma kananan namomin kaza tare da hula da girman kadan yatsa kushin. Kuma kusa da su zai iya zama nauyi naman kaza giant. Its hula yana faɗaɗa to 30 cm, da kuma lokacin farin ciki da wuya kara. Wadannan m size iya fariya fari naman gwari da kuma namomin kaza.

A tsari ne ma daban-daban huluna. Ware cushionlike, hemispherical, flattened, kararrawa-dimbin yawa, mazurari-dimbin yawa, tare da mai lankwasa downward ko zuwa gaba baki. Sau da yawa a lokacin gajeren rayuwa na naman gwari ne canza siffar hula sau da yawa.

A tsarin da naman kaza wasa sau domin agaricales

Hula a matsayin jiki na fungi hyphae suna kafa. A saman su mai yawa dasu da cuticle. Yana kuma kunshi wani shafi na hyphae. Su aiki ne don kare ciki nama daga asarar m danshi. Game da shi kwasfa hana bushewa. Yana za a iya fentin a launi daban-daban dangane da irin naman gwari da shekaru. A wasu kwasfa fari, wasu haske orange, ja ko ruwan kasa. Yana iya zama a bushe ko, a madadin, ya rufe tare da m gamsai. Its surface ne m da kuma scaly, velvety ko warty. A wasu jinsunan, kamar mai, fata ne sauki cire gaba daya. Kuma a nan a syroezhek volnushek da shi da dama kawai a gefen. A da yawa jinsunan, kuma shi ba a cire da kuma daidaita haɗa zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda aka located a ƙasa.

Karkashin fata, saboda haka fruiting jikin naman gwari kafa ɓangaren litattafan almara - bakararre zane gina na hyphae plexus. Shi ne daban-daban a yawa. Cikin jiki, shi sako-sako da a wasu jinsunan, wasu resilient. Yana iya zama gaggautsa. Wannan bangare na naman gwari jinsunan yana da wani takamaiman wari. Yana iya zama mai dadi ko nutty. A ƙanshi na naman wasu irin pungent barkono ko m, ya faru da redechnym kuma ko da a touch of tafarnuwa.

Matsayin mai mulkin, mafi iri jiki a karkashin fata a kan tafiya haske da launi: fari, Milky, brownish ko greenish. Mene ne tsarin fasali na jiki na naman gwari a wannan bangare? Wasu jinsunan a wuri na karaya launi a kan lokaci da ya rage guda, yayin da wasu saka launi canje-canje abruptly. Wadannan canje-canje suna bayyana ta oxidative matakai dyes. A daukan hankali misali na wannan sabon abu ne Boletus. Idan ka yi yanka da abincinta jiki, wannan shi ne wurin da sauri duhu. Similar matakai faruwa ne a Mokhovikov kuma bruises.

A ɓangaren litattafan almara, a irin wannan nau'in yadda volnushki, madara naman kaza da Saffron, yana da wani musamman hyphae. Su ganuwar suna thickened. Suna da ake kira Milky shanyewar jiki da kuma cika da colorless ko canza launin ruwa - ruwan 'ya'yan itace.

Hymenium - m Layer

Sporocarp kafa angaren litattafan almara, da wanda yake shi ne kai tsaye a karkashin hula Layer m - hymenium. Wannan shi ne jerin microscopic spore-kafa Kwayoyin - basidia. Mafiya yawan agaricales hymenium ne bude domin Hymenophore. Waɗannan su ne na musamman shafuka located a kan underside hula.

Hymenophore a jinsuna daban na naman kaza yana da wani daban-daban tsarin. Alal misali, lisichkovyh shi da aka gabatar a cikin irin na lokacin farin ciki branched folds cewa sauko a kan su kafa. Kuma a nan a Hymenophore blackberries - a cikin nau'i na gaggautsa spines, wanda aka sauƙi rabu. A tubular fungi kafa shambura, da kuma a cikin farantin, bi da bi, daga cikin motar. Hymenophore iya zama free (idan ba kai da kafafu) ko shigeba, (idan tam Fused to shi). Hymenium zama dole ga haifuwa. Daga spores cewa wani sashe a kusa, kafa wani sabon vegetative jikin naman gwari.

fungal spores

A tsarin da fruiting jikin naman gwari pileate ba wuya. Its spores ci gaba a kan 'ya'yan itace-qazanta Kwayoyin. All agaricales fungi ne unicellular. Kamar yadda a wani eukaryotic cell, a wata muhawara rarrabe membrane, cytoplasm, tsakiya da kuma sauran salula da wasu gabbansa. Har ila yau, babban adadin inclusions gano a cikin su. The girman da shawarwari - daga 10 zuwa 25 microns. Saboda haka, da suka da za a iya gani kawai ta (microscope) a mai kyau da karuwa. A form suna zagaye, m, dogara sanda-dimbin yawa, zernovidnye kuma ko da star-dimbin yawa. Su harsashi ne ma daban-daban dangane da nau'in. A wasu jayayya da shi ne m, yayin da wasu prickly, bristly ko warty.

Lokacin da saki a cikin yanayi rigingimu sau da yawa kama wani foda. Amma da Kwayoyin kansu ne duka colorless kuma canza launin. Sau da yawa akwai rigingimu tsakanin fungi rawaya, launin ruwan kasa, ruwan hoda, m-kasa-kasa, zaitun, da shunayya, orange da kuma ko da baki. Masana kimiyya mycologists biya mai girma da hankali ga launi da kuma size of spores. Wadannan alamu ne barga, kuma sau da yawa suka taimaka a kayyade da jinsunan fungi.

A tsarin da fruiting jiki: stipe

Bayyanar da fruiting jikin naman gwari ne da aka sani zuwa ga kusan kowa da kowa. Kafa, a matsayin hula da aka kafa na densely lauye hyphal filaments. Amma wadannan giant Kwayoyin bambanta a cewa su harsashi ne thicker kuma yana da kyau ƙarfi. Kafar naman gwari bukatar tallafi. Ta dage shi sama da substrate. Hyphae kafa alaka a daure wanda suke dab da juna a layi daya da suke sama. Saboda haka shi ke ga ruwa da kuma ma'adinai mahadi daga mycelium to hula. Kafafu rarrabe iri biyu: m (hyphae guga man kusa) da kuma m (a lokacin da bayyane sarari tsakanin hyphae - mlechniki). Amma a cikin yanayi akwai matsakaici iri. Wadannan kafafu da kurma, kuma kashtanovika. A cikin wadannan jinsuna, da m m rabo. A tsakiyar kafar da aka cika da spongy ɓangaren litattafan almara.

Duk wanda yana da wani ra'ayin abin da yake bayyanar da fruiting jikin naman gwari, ya sani cewa kafafu ne ba kawai da tsarin. Bã su da daban-daban siffofi da kuma kauri. Alal misali, syroezhek kuma mai kafa ne lebur da cylindrical. Kuma a nan a cikin sanannun ruwan kasa hula boletus da Aspen namomin kaza shi yana faɗaɗa gaba ɗaya zuwa karkashi. A bambanci ne ma obratnobulavovidnuyu nau'i na hemp. Yana da matukar kowa daga agaricales namomin kaza. A irin wannan m fadada kafafu a tushe, wanda wani lokacin ya jũya a cikin bulbous kumburi. Wannan nau'i na hemp mafi sau da yawa bincikar lafiya a fi girma jinsunan fungi. Shi ne halayyar da gardama agaric, cortinarius, umbrellas. Namomin kaza, wanda mycelium girma a kan itace, sau da yawa da Tapered kafa a kasa. Yana za a iya miƙa kuma motsa a mycelial igiyar, mikewa a karkashin tushen wata itaciya ko dungu.

Saboda haka, abin da yake a cikin naman kaza jiki agaricales domin? Wannan kafa, dagawa shi sama da substrate da kuma hula a kasa na wani shawara ci gaba. Wasu iri namomin kaza, kamar tashi agaric, bayan samuwar ƙasa domin a yayin da ya rufe tare da wani whitish shafi. Shi ne ake kira da "total cover". Kamar yadda 'ya'yan jikin naman gwari girma a yanka kasance a kan bonit zagaye da kuma dogara ne a kan hemp markedly meshkopodobnoe samuwar - Volvo. A wasu fungi, shi ne free, yayin da wasu - shigeba, da kuma kama thickening ko rollers. Har ila yau ya zauna "kowa abũbuwan rufi" ne belts a kan wani zangarniya na naman gwari. Su ne bayyane a cikin da yawa jinsunan, musamman a farkon mataki na ci gaba. Matsayin mai mulkin, matasa namomin kaza belts rufe kunno kai Hymenophore.

Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin blewits

Sassa na jiki na naman gwari ne daban-daban a cikin jinsuna daban. Fruiting jikin wasu ba su yi kama da tsarin aka bayyana a sama. Daga cikin agaricales namomin kaza ne ban. Kuma akwai quite 'yan iri. Amma kawai Lines da morels kama namomin kaza agaricales. Su fruiting jikin ma da hujjõji rabo tsakanin hula da kuma kara. Hat suna da fleshy kuma m. Its siffar ne sau da yawa conical. A surface ba santsi, amma a maimakon haka, Ribbed. A Morel hula sababbu siffar. An rufe sinuous folds sauƙi palpable. Ba kamar agaricales namomin kaza, morels a Sporiferous Layer aka zubar a kan tafiya surface. Ya aka wakilta "bags" ko askami. Wannan matabbata, wanda aka kafa da kuma tara rigingimu. Samuwar irin wannan sassa na naman kaza jikinsu, asuka, shi ne kowa da kowa marsupials fungi. Kafa da kuma pods a Morel ne m, ta surface ne m, kuma ko da, a cikin kasa - wani alama thickening na tuberous.

Wakilai na wata domin - afilloforovye namomin kaza ma sun shlyapochnye fruiting jikin tare da wani karfi kafa. Wannan kungiyar hada chanterelles da blackberries. Su hat rezinistoy ko dan kadan woody tsarin. A daukan hankali misali - na sashi fungi, wanda ake ma kunshe a cikin tsari. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, afilloforovye ba rot fungi, kamar yadda yakan faru a cikin agaricales tare da su fleshy jiki. A lõkacin da suka bushe withering bãya.

Har ila yau ya bambanta da ɗan a cikin tsarin daga mafi jinsunan namomin kaza pileate domin clavariaceae. Su fruiting jiki yana da kulob-siffar ko murjani. An gaba ɗaya rufe hymenium. A wannan yanayin, da muhimmanci alama wannan tsari ne rashin Hymenophore.

Har ila yau, sabon abu tsarin da oda Gasteromycetes. Wannan kungiya ana kiransa naman kaza jiki tuber. A jinsin na ga wannan tsari siffan iya zama sosai bambancin: siffar zobe, star-dimbin yawa, kwai-dimbin yawa, pear-dimbin yawa da kuma gnezdovidnoy. Su size ne wajen babban. Wasu fungi cewa oda isa diamita na 30 cm The mafi daukan hankali misali Gasteromycetes -. Shi ne wata katuwar puffball.

A vegetative jikin naman gwari

Vegetative jiki na fungi mycelium kiran su (ko mycelia) wanda aka located a cikin ƙasa, kõ kuwa, misali, a itace. Ya kunshi sosai lafiya filaments - hyphae wanda kauri jeri daga 1.5 zuwa 10 mm. Sosai branched hyphae. Mycelium tasowa a matsayin substrate, da kuma a kan bãyan tẽkun. mycelium tsawon a gina jiki gona, kamar gandun daji zuriyar dabbobi iya isa 30 km da 1 gram.

Saboda haka, vegetative jiki na fungi kunshi dogon hyphae. Suna girma ne kawai a saman, watau apical. Da ban sha'awa sosai tsarin da mycelium. Mycelium a mafi jinsunan da ba-salon salula. Ya aka hana intercellular partitions da daya giant cell. Yana ba abu daya, amma a manyan yawan nuclei. Amma da mycelium iya zama salula. A wannan yanayin, a karkashin madubin partitions raba daya cell daga wani, ne a fili bayyane.

A ci gaba da vegetative jikin naman gwari

Saboda haka, vegetative jikin naman gwari ne ake kira mycelium. Samun shiga cikin rigar substrate, arziki a cikin kwayoyin halittar, spores germinate pileate fungi. Shi ne domin sun ci gaba dogon zaren mycelium. Suna girma sannu a hankali. Kawai tara Yã isa zama adadin gina jiki na Organic da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa, da mycelium siffofin a kan surface na 'ya'yan itace jikinsu, wanda muke kira namomin kaza. Su sosai rudiments bayyana a watan farko na bazara. Amma daga karshe da suka ci gaba ne kawai tare da farko na m yanayin yanayi. Yawancin lokaci, da yawa daga namomin kaza a cikin watan jiya na bazara da kuma a cikin kaka, lokacin da ruwan sama zo.

Ikon pileate jinsunan ba ze matakai a cikin algae da kuma kore shuke-shuke. Ba za su iya haduwa kansu kwayoyin halitta da suke bukata. Wadannan Kwayoyin ba su da chlorophyll. Suna bukatar shirya gina jiki. Tun da vegetative jikin naman gwari hyphae gabatar sa'an nan suka bayar da gudummawa ga sha na ruwa daga cikin substrate tare da narkar da ma'adinai mahadi. Saboda haka blewits fi son humus-arzikin gandun daji kasa. Kadan fiye, suka girma a cikin natsuwa da matakan. Mafi yawa daga cikin kwayoyin halitta da suke bukatar namomin kaza dauka daga tushen da itatuwa. Saboda haka, sau da yawa suka girma a kusa da kusanci zuwa gare su.

Alal misali, duk magoya na shiru farauta da aka sani cewa fari namomin kaza iya ko da yaushe sami wasu birches, itatuwan oak, da firs. Amma da dadi namomin kaza da za a samu a cikin Pine gandun daji. Boletus girma a Birch gandun daji da kuma Aspen - a Aspen. Wannan ne sauƙi bayyana ta da cewa da fungi kafa dangantaka ta kusa da itatuwa. Matsayin mai mulkin, yana da amfani ga duka nau'in. Lokacin da densely branched mycelium karkatarwa a kusa da shuka tushen, kuma ta yayi kokarin samun su. Amma wannan ba ya cutar da itace. The abu ne cewa, ana located a cikin sel, da mycelium daga ƙasa drains ruwa kuma, ba shakka, ta narkar da ma'adinai mahadi. A lokaci guda suka samu a tushen Kwayoyin, sabili da haka, bauta da abinci da kuma itace. Saboda haka, overgrown mycelium ya yi aikin aiki na tushen dankon. Wannan shi ne musamman da amfani ga mazan asalinsu. Bayan duk, ba su da wani gashin jikinta. Abin da irin wannan symbiosis na fungi amfani? Sun samu daga shuke-shuke amfani gudanar da mahadi da suke bukatar abinci. Kawai idan sun isa su a kan surface na substrate ne masu tasowa fruiting jikin fungi pileate.