A juyin juya halin masana'antu. Features juyin juya halin masana'antu a Amurka da kuma Rasha

A juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya fara a cikin marigayi 18th karni a Ingila da kuma zai rufe daga baya ɓullo da jihohi (a cikin karni na 19th), shi ne maye manual samar na'ura, zuwa factory da ma'aikata. A manyan zamantakewa azuzuwan ne ma'aikata da kuma bourgeoisie. Dalili na samar da ake mallakar masana'antu, sanye take da inji.

A juyin juya halin masana'antu ya kasance sauka a hankali. A farkon rabin karni na 19th bayan juyin juya hali na Ingila maida hankali ne akan Amurka. Sa'an nan ya zo da juyin juya halin masana'antu a Turai. Kuma a cikin gabashin ɓangare na juyin juya halin masana'antu bai ƙare.

A farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu shafa haske masana'antu. Sa'an nan kuma fara da mechanization cover da sauran masana'antu da masana'antu. Wannan lokaci da aka alama ta fasaha qirqire, kamar wani lathe, wani dinki na'ura, wani sabon sufuri (locomotive da jirgin), yana nufin sadarwa (rediyo, gidan waya, tarho).

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th juyin juya halin masana'antu shiga wani sabon mataki na ci gaba. A wannan lokacin da engine aka ƙirƙira by wani na ciki konewa engine (ciki konewa engine), phonograph (rikodin sauti da kuma masu haifuwa inji), da gano mai, sinadaran masana'antu. Mutane sun fara rayayye amfani da wutar lantarki.

A juyin juya halin masana'antu ya faru a sharadi gwargwado. Halitta su ne a Amurka ilimi. Looms kuma inji kadi dabaran bayyana a Amurka a 1789. Bayan aiki hijira daga Ingila Pleyter ya sanya zanen da loom, bayan wani shekara a Amurka ya fara aiki na farko yadi factory samar. A karshen shekaru hamsin, da amfani da America ta auduga masana'antu ya karu da fiye da ashirin da biyu sau.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa mafi girman aiki a kan gabatarwar tururi injuna da aka lura tun farkon forties na 19th karni. Wannan ya gwada da marigayi gabatarwar ruwa ne ya sa yaduwa engine, idan aka kwatanta da tururi, da rahusa.

Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin ci gaban da juyin juya halin masana'antu a Amurka da aka bai wa gina hanyar jirgin kasa. A lokacin daga 1830 zuwa 1850 ya kasance fiye da biyar-Musulunci karuwa daga cikin Railway cibiyar sadarwa.

A ci gaba da karafa masana'antu da kuma metallurgical masana'antu da aka hade sun fi mayar da mechanization sufuri. Saboda haka, a cikin farkon rabin karni na 19th, wani karuwa a alade baƙin ƙarfe samar da sau 12, da kuma kwana na samar - 'yan dubu.

A juyin juya halin masana'antu ya yarda da United States wajen samar da kayan aiki da kansa. Alal misali, manyan tsire-tsire domin samar da tururi injuna da aka gina a Pennsylvania, New York.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa wani babban taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki a Amurka, Mun sanya baiwa na aikin injiniya (aholakin, Singer, Morse). A} asar ta samu lokacinta noma kayan aiki, wanda ya saboda da kara bukatun da gona. A lokacin da '40s -' 50s a Amurka, m inji threshers, seeders aka halitta, mowers da kuma sauran kayan aiki.

Domin shekaru hamsin, Amurka shigo da ya karu da sau 4, da kuma fitar da kaya 3.7. Duk da haka, a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th a cikin manyan matsayi a fitarwa ne har yanzu sun shagaltar da kayayyakin gona da albarkatun kasa.

A cikin Rasha juyin juya halin masana'antu a cikin tsari da aka uncoordinated yankin da aluma kansu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da a isasshe tsawon, rabin karni na kasar miƙa mulki daga manual aiki don sarrafa kansa samar. Mechanization fara a cikin auduga masana'antu a cikin thirties kuma ƙare a karfe masana'antu a cikin eighties.

By lokacin da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, fiye da 60% na samarwa a kansu na aiki masana'antu samar farar hula ma'aikata a masana'antu.

A tsakiyar karni na 19th wajen ɗari inji masana'antu da shi da aka kafa, amma da masana'antu na ci gaba da amfani da manual aiki.