A mafi kyau da zane-zanen da Durer. "Melancholia" by Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), Jamus fenta, mai hoto artist, shahararren sharhi na art, an haife shi a wani babban iyali na Hungarian Albrehta Dyurera Sr. da Barbara Holper Jamusawa. The iyali zaune a birnin na Nuremberg an located in kudu-gabashin Jamus. The mahaifin, maƙerin zinariya, da yaron kokarin qarfafa sha'awa a cikin mai yin kayan ado ta sana'a, amma matasa Albrecht so zama wani artist. Kuma a lokacin da Dürer ƙarami ya shekaru 15 da haihuwa, ya aka aika zuwa wurin bita da sanannen Nuremberg fenta Michael Wohlgemuth.

A farko matakai na matasa artist

Albrecht tabbatar da shirye da kuma iya dalibi, ya a cikin wani gajeren lokaci ƙware da asali canons na zanen da kuma rubuta da dama kananan zane-zane. Dürer zane-zane da aka amince da malami. Wohlgemuth, ban da samar da zane-zane, karatu graphics. Ya kwafi, sanya a kan tushen da woodcuts (engraving a kan itace), amfani a cikin littafinsa "Nuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, wani Jamus cartographer. Zanuka sanya Wohlgemuth da dalibai zarcewa da babban ɓangare na littafin, wanda ya tafi a tarihi a matsayin aikin art. Marubucin na daya daga cikin kwafi a cikin littafin "Dance Mutuwa" ya Albrecht Dürer.

m tafiya

A cikin karni na 15th a Jamus akwai wani hadisi daga dalibi tafiye-tafiye, a lokacin da almajiri saba da aikin artists daga sauran yankuna na kasar. Ya sanya irin wannan tafiya, kuma da wani matashi mai zane-zane Dürer. Tafiya dade shekaru hudu, daga 1490 har zuwa 1494-th. Bugu da kari ga German biranen artist Dürer, wanda zane-zane da aka riga quite da sani, kuma ziyarci birnin a Switzerland da kuma Netherlands, domin ya sami invaluable kwarewa daga babban Masters Flemish zanen da Swiss masana a engraving. An fara tafiya, Dürer so ya hadu da tare da artist Martin Schongauer, wanda ya daukarsa a matsayin misali na kyau a gani zane-zane. Duk da yake Schongauer a Colmar rayu kuma ya yi aiki a kan zana rubutu tagulla. Duk da haka, taron na biyu artists bai faru, kamar yadda Martin jim kadan kafin zuwa na Albrecht mutu.

Basle

Albrecht Dürer, zane-zane da kuma zana rubutu wanda aka riga aka sani a cikin da'irar masana, ya gana da dan'uwan da marigayi Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, wanda kuma kwarzana a kan tagulla. Ludwig da Albrecht ya ba da kwarewa. Appliances jan engraving kayan ado ake bukata basira, kuma suka kasance sunã yi Durer, tun a matsayin saurayi, sai ya ciyar shekaru da dama da taimaka wa a cikin kayan ado siyayya mahaifinsa. Albrecht koma Basel, bugu cibiyar. A Basel, ya rayu wani na Schongauer ɗan'uwansa, Georg. Tana hada kai da su, Durer ƙware duk tausasãwa na samar da wani littafi na zana rubutu, kuma bayan wani lokaci ya fara bayyana a cikin zane-zane, da littattafai na Basel a cikin sabon, a baya ba a sani ba, style. Creativity Durer kyautata, ya samu nasarar yi amfani da wani sabon tsari. A cikin littafin "Ship na wawaye" da Jamusanci satirist Sebastian Brant, akwai 75 da ya hoto da misalai. Har ila yau, a Basel Dürer halitta jerin zana rubutu don wani littafi na comedies Publius Terence, Roman comedy. Basel Albrecht tafi Strasbourg, inda ya rubuta sanannun "Kai Vertical da ƙaya", wanda aka aiko zuwa ga amarya.

Koma Nuremberg

A Nuremberg Albreht Dyurer, zane-zane da aka rubuta a baya a cikin ruhu na Jamus dandano, koma a 1494 tare da wata babbar adadin ilimi samu a lokacin shekaru hudu na wanderings ta Turai. Ba da da ewa ya aure Agnes Frey, nagari yarinya, 'yar Hansa Freya, bakuncin wani taron m ma'auni kida. Aure ya Albrecht damar fara nasu kasuwanci. Duk da haka, ya kafa kansa bita a Nuremberg, ya kawai a 1495, saboda watanni biyu bayan ya aure tafi Italiya, inda ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga aikin Giovanni Bellini, wani mai zane-zane na Venetian makaranta, da kuma Mantegna, mai danko kaifi da kuma m style of zanen PADUA. Wasu zane-zane ta hanyar Dürer aka daga baya aka rubuta a cikin wannan hanya. A zane na wuri mai faɗi hali, Dürer sanya a lokacin da tafiya zuwa Italiya, daga baya zama zana rubutu.

zana rubutu

A da ya dawo daga Italiya Albrecht Dürer ya bude ya bita da kuma ciyar da shekaru 10 da samar da woodcuts da tagulla. Hada hannu da abokan aiki Nuremberg-Masters - Hans von Kulmbach da kuma Hans Shoyfelinom, kawota Dürer zana rubutu dake bayyana bugu na Pindar, kuma Goltselya Koberger. Albrecht ayyukansu zurfin thematic hali, su quality shi ne a wani babban m matakin. Dürer aka dauke ƙulla niyyar master of littafin zane. A 1498 da m Koberger buga littafin "Apocalypse", wanda ya hada da 15 woodcuts mai hoto artist, ciki har da "The hudu mahayan dawakai" da kuma "The Battle of Arhangela Mihaila da dragon." A zanen "Apocalypse" Dürer yana dauke da mafi kyau na aikinsa. Taken cewa unites 15 labarai a cikin wani mai jiwuwa dukan, aka brilliantly nuna da artist. Kowane engraving kamar yadda shi ne a ci gaba da baya da kuma ya biyo baya na gaba. Kuma da yawa daga baya, a shekarar 1514, sun kasance m jan karfe engraving mai taken "Melancholia" an halitta. Dürer fentin a kan shi gundura mala'ika, wanda, a fili, an kuma halin da tunanin abubuwan.

zanen

"Apocalypse" Albrecht Dürer kawo worldwide daraja, da kuma "Melancholia" by Durer shiga zinariya asusu na zane-zane. Wani babbar aiki na artist littafin "The Passion na St. Brigid", wanda hada da 30 zana rubutu. Bugu da kari zuwa aiki a kan zane-zane na zamani da littattafai, Dürer kuma Ya halitta etchings ga ayyukansu na zamanin d marubuta kamar Aristotle da Theophrastus, Aristophanes da Lucian. Kamawa graphics, Albrecht bai bar da kuma zanen, Durer lokaci zuwa lokaci ta bayyana a gaban jama'a. Har ila yau, a cikin shekaru 1497-1499 shi hotuna da aka fentin: Albrehta Dyurera da Dattijon, da artist ta mahaifinsa, da Elector Frederick III na Saxony, dokokin Oswald Krell, mai sayar wakili. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali ayyuka a cikin zanen aka dauke Durer zanen "The girmama na Magi." Next ya zo da "Dresden Altarpiece" da "bakwai baƙin" - wani m polyptych.

Venice

A 1505 Dürer tafi Italiya sake. A Venice, ya rubuta "The Idin Rosary", amma hoton da aka ba su halicci a kan gargajiya zane, da kuma a kan jirgin na poplar, tare da view to ajiye shi a cikin coci na San Bartolomeo kusa da Jamusanci ciniki gidan Fondaco dei Tedeschi. Da umarnin hoto na shahara Jamus fatake. A halin yanzu, da "Biki na Rosary" a cikin National Gallery a Prague. A zamanin da lokaci alama ta wurin ayyukan da mai girma Masters, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione. Duk da haka, Albrecht Durer gravitated zuwa kerawa Dzhovanni Bellini, wanda kasance a gare shi misali Sankiran launi. A ƙarshe, ya sanya abokai da Italian fenta kuma a kan request, rubuta daya daga cikin Venetian zane-zane - "Madonna da Chizhik". Wani aikin halitta a lokacin da ya tsaya a Venice, Dürer, "Almasihu a cikin Doctors," iya an sadaukar da wani aboki na Albrecht.

Bologna

Ko da kuwa da abota da Giovanni Bellini, Dürer wani daraja da kuma girmama mutum a Venice. The City Majalisar kafa fita zuwa jinkirta da talented fenta, tare da wani tsari don shi 200 ducats a matsayin shekara-shekara bonus. Yana da aka zaci cewa Albrecht Dürer za su shiga cikin birane ayyukan. Duk da haka, da artist yana da wani shiri na masu zama a gida rayuwa, ya aspired ga sanin wani abu sabon ga su kansu, kuma ga wannan dalili ya zama dole to kullum tafiya. Bayan wani lokaci Dürer ya a Roma, inda ya yi fatan saduwa da Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian. A taron taba ya faru, da kuma Albrecht tafi Bologna zuwa ziyarci jami'a da kuma saduwa da masana kimiyya. Yana sha'awar a cikin al'amurra tambayoyi, karatu wanda zai iya zuwa da nagarta sosai gina su zane-zane. Shawarwari tare da lissafi Luca Pacioli, sa'an nan dogon hira tare da m Donato Bramante shiga cikin shagon na ilimi da artist, da kuma zane-zane ta hanyar Dürer zama mafi grandiose.