A platinum kungiyar karafa: a review na jerin, Properties da aikace-aikace

Platinum kungiyar karafa - shi ne shida daraja daraja sinadaran abubuwa da ake juxtaposed a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. All ne mika mulki karafa na kungiyoyin 5-6, 8-10 lokaci.

Platinum Group Metals: List

The kungiyar kunshi wadannan shida sinadaran abubuwa shirya domin kara atomic nauyi:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• RH - Rhodium.
• PD - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Ir - iridium.
• Pt - platinum.

Platinum kungiyar karafa da silvery-fari ya dafa, tare da banda osmium, wanda launi ne bluish-fari. Su sinadaran paradoxical hali a cewa su ne sosai resistant zuwa mafi reagents, amma suna amfani da catalysts ko accelerating readily iko da kudi na hadawan abu da iskar shaka, saukarwa da hydrogenation halayen.

Ruthenium da osmium ake daskarar a kyakkyawan kusa-cushe tsarin, yayin da wasu da fuska-tsakiya cubic tsarin. Wannan aka nuna a cikin mafi girma taurin ruthenium da osmium.

Tarihi na samu

Ko da yake platinum-zinariya kayayyakin gargajiya kwanan rana zuwa 700 BC. e., na gaban karfe da shi ne wajen mai haɗari fiye da tsari. A Jesuits a XVI karni, da aka ambata mai yawa m pebbles dangantawa da alluvial zinariya adibas. Wadannan duwatsun ba za a iya narke, amma sai suka samar da wani gami da zinariya, da bullion zama gaggautsa, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a tsaftace. Duwatsu fara kiran platina del Pinto - katsin na azurfa kayan daga Pinto River, a tributary da kogin San Juan a Colombia.

Malleable platinum, wanda za a iya samu ne kawai bayan da cikakken karfe tsaftacewa, aka ware fitar da Faransa likita Shaba a 1789. Daga shi aka yi a kofin, ya gabatar Paparoma Pius VI. A kan wuyan palladium a 1802, ya ce da Turanci sunadarai William Wollaston, wanda mai suna sinadaran. platinum-kungiya karfe kashi bayan da asteroid. Wollaston baya ayyana gano wani abu ba a platinum tama. Yana da ya kira Rhodium saboda da ruwan hoda launi na karfe salts. Bude iridium (mai suna bayan da aljanna na bakan gizo Iris saboda bambance-bambance da ta salts) da kuma osmium (daga Girkanci kalmar "wari" saboda chlorine kamshin ta maras tabbas oxide) aka sanya ta Birtaniya sunadarai Smithson Tennant a 1803. Faransa masana kimiyya Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, da kuma Nicolas-Lui Voklen gano biyu karafa lokaci guda. Ruthenium, ya zama ruwan dare da kuma gano da na karshe kashi samu da sunan daga Latin sunan Rasha da Rasha sunadarai Karl Karlovich Klaus a 1844.

Ba kamar irin saukin ware a gwada m jihar ta sauki wuta refining jamiái kamar zinariya, da azurfa, da karafa na platinum kungiyar bukatar hadaddun mai ruwa-ruwa da sinadaran magani. Wadannan hanyoyin sun ba samuwa har sai da marigayi 19th karni, don haka ganewa da kuma warewa daga platinum kungiyar wanzuwa da azurfa da zinariya na shekaru dubbai. Bugu da kari, babban narkewa batu na wadannan karafa ya iyakance su yi amfani da har masu bincike a kasar Birtaniya, Faransa, Jamus da kuma Rasha sun ba ɓullo da hanyoyin domin platinum hira cikin wani nau'i dace da aiki. Kamar yadda mai daraja karafa na platinum kungiyar fara da za a yi amfani da kayan ado tun 1900. Ko da yake wannan amfani ne har yanzu dacewa a yau, da yawa na masana'antu zarce. Palladium ya zama Popular abu don lambobi a tarho gudun ba da sanda tsarin da sauran mara waya ta sadarwa, tabbatar dogon sabis rayuwa da kuma high AMINCI, kuma platinum, saboda ta jure kururuta ha ~ akar yashewa, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya fara da za a yi amfani da fulogogin fama da jirgin sama.

Bayan yaki da kwayoyin tsawo hira da hanyoyin da man fetur refining Ya halitta wani babban bukatar catalytic Properties mallaki by karafa daga platinum kungiyar. By 1970s, amfani ya karu har ma fiye da lokacin da mota watsi nagartacce a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe ya kai ga yin amfani da wadannan sunadarai a catalytic hira da shaye gas.

tama

Fãce kananan alluvial adibas na platinum, palladium da osmiridium (wani gami da iridium da osmium), kusan babu tama, wanda sun kasance wata babbar bangaren sinadari - a platinum kungiyar karfe. Ma'adanai yawanci dauke a sulfide ores, musamman pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. Mafi na kowa laurite Rus _2, irarsite, (Ir, Ru, RH, Pt) ass, osmiridium (Ir, Os), cooperite, (PtS) da kuma Bragg (Pt, PD) S.

Duniya most ajiya na platinum kungiyar karafa - Bushveld hadaddun a Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan hannun jari na raw kayan sun mayar da hankali a adibas na Sudbury a Canada da kuma Norilsk-Talnakh a Siberia. A Amurka, da most adibas na platinum kungiyar ma'adanai suna located in Stillwater, Montana, amma a nan suna da yawa fiye da karami a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Rasha. Duniya most platinum kera ne da Afrika ta Kudu, Rasha, Zimbabwe da kuma Canada.

Mining da kuma refining

Major Afrika ta Kudu da kuma Kanada nawa sarrafa ta hako ma'adinai Hanyar. Kusan duk na platinum kungiyar karafa ake cirewa daga jan ko nickel sulfide ma'adanai amfani flotation rabuwa. Narkewa tattara samar da wani cakuda wanda aka wanke daga tagulla da kuma nickel sulphides a wani autoclave. Leaching da m saura ƙunshi daga 15 zuwa 20% platinum kungiyar karafa.

Wani lokacin har zuwa flotation amfani nauyi rabuwa. A sakamakon haka ne a tattara dauke da 50% na platinum karfe, abin da gusar da wajibcin smelting.

inji Properties

A platinum kungiyar karafa ne muhimmanci daban-daban inji Properties. Platinum da palladium ne quite taushi da kuma sosai malleable. Tare da wadannan karafa da su gami za a iya gudu biyu zafi da sanyi. Rhodium aka farko bi da tare da wani zafi, sa'an nan shi za a iya bi da sanyi fairly m annealing. Iridium da ruthenium kamata a mai tsanani, sanyi aiki, ba su kai ba.

Osmium - m da kuma kungiyar na da mafi narkewa zafin jiki, amma da hali to hadawan abu da iskar shaka ya dora kansa gazawa. Iridium ne mafi lalata-resistant na platinum karafa, Rhodium kuma yaba da adana dũkiyõyinsu a high yanayin zafi.

tsarin aikace-aikace

Kamar yadda tsabta annealed platinum ne mai taushi, shi ne mai saukin kamuwa zuwa scratches da kuma lalacewa. Don ƙara da taurin aka Fused tare da wani jam'i na sauran abubuwa. Platinum kayan ado ne Popular a Japan, inda shi ne ake kira "Hackin" da "farar zinariya". Gami ga kayan ado dauke da 90% Pt da kuma 10% PD, wanda shi ne sauki rike da soldering. Bugu da kari na ruthenium inganta taurin gami, yayin da rike hadawan abu da iskar shaka da juriya. A gami da platinum, palladium da kuma jan ake amfani a ƙirƙira samfurin, tun da sun kasance wuya platinum-palladium da kasa m.

Crucibles amfani don samar da guda lu'ulu'u a cikin semiconductor masana'antu, bukatar lalata juriya da kuma kwanciyar hankali a high yanayin zafi. Domin wannan aikace-aikace, shi ne mafi kyau dace platinum, platinum-Rhodium, kuma iridium. Platinum-Rhodium gami amfani a samar da thermocouples wanda ake amfani da aunawa high yanayin zafi har zuwa 1800 ° C. Palladium aka yi amfani da ko dai a tsarki ko a gauraye fom in lantarki na'urorin (50% amfani), a hakori gami (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium da osmium suna da wuya amfani a cikin tsarki tsari - sunã bauta wa, kamar yadda dopant ga sauran platinum kungiyar karafa.

catalysts

Game da 42% na platinum samar a cikin West, da ake amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari. Daga cikin wadannan, 90% da ake amfani a mota shaye tsarin, cikinsa da tsaurin katsin ko sakar zuma mai rufi da platinum (da palladium, da kuma azurfa) gabatar da hira da unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide da nitrogen oxides cikin ruwa, carbon dioxide da nitrogen.

An gami da platinum da kuma 10% Rhodium a cikin wani nau'i na karfe ja don zafi Grid hidima a matsayin mai kara kuzari a dauki tsakanin ammonia da kuma iska, don samar da nitrogen oxides da nitric acid. Lokacin da ciyar da ammonia da methane cakuda za a iya shirya hydrocyanic acid. Lokacin da refining platinum a farfajiya na alumina granules a cikin reactor ne mai kara kuzari ga hira da dogon sarkar branched kwayoyin na man fetur a isoparaffins cewa ana so a cikin wata cakuda high-Octane fetur.

Electroplating

All platinum kungiyar karafa za a iya amfani da galvanically. Saboda taurin da kuma sheki na shafi ne mafi sau da yawa amfani da azurfa. Ko da yake da darajar a m thicknesses fi platinum ƙananan yawa damar yin amfani da kasa nauyin kayan.

Palladium - platinum kungiyar karfe, wanda shi ne sauƙin amfani ga shafi. Saboda ƙarfi daga cikin kayan ƙaruwa da yawa. Ruthenium ya samu aikace-aikace a cikin kayan nufi domin lura da gogayya a low matsa lamba.

sinadaran mahadi

Organic gidaje na platinum kungiyar karafa kamar alkilplatiny gidaje amfani da catalysts a Polymerization na olefins, samar da propylene da polyethylene, kazalika da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ethylene zuwa acetaldehyde.

platinum salts suna ƙara amfani a ciwon daji jiyyar cutar sankara. Alal misali, suna bangare ne na magani kamar "Carboplatin" da "Cisplatin". Ruthenium oxide mai rufi wayoyin amfani a samar da chlorine da sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulfate da azurfa phosphate amfani a electroplating baho.