SamuwarKimiyya

A sunadarai Properties na alkynes. A tsarin, shirye-shiryen, da aikace-aikacen

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - shi ne kwayoyin sunadarai. Dukan su suna gina irin wannan sinadaran abubuwa kamar carbon da hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - ne sinadaran mahadi, wanda ya kasance a cikin hydrocarbon kungiyar.

A wannan labarin, za mu duba a alkynes.

Mene ne wannan?

Wadannan abubuwa suna kuma kira acetylene hydrocarbons. A tsarin da alkyne bayar da kasancewar a cikin su kwayoyin na hydrogen da carbon atoms. Janar dabara acetylenic hydrocarbons wannan: C n H 2n-2. A sauki alkyne sauki - ethyne (acetylene). Yana yana nan a sinadaran dabara - C 2 H 2. Har ila yau, yana nufin alkynes propyne na dabara C 3 N 4. Bugu da ƙari, to acetylenic hydrocarbons iya hada butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), da sauransu. d. All iri alkynes nuna irin wannan halaye. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

The jiki Properties na alkynes

The jiki halaye na acetylene hydrocarbons tunatar alkenes.

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, alkynes, kwayoyin na wanda dauke daga biyu zuwa hudu carbon atoms, da gaseous tara jihar. Wadanda kwayoyin na wanda yake biyar zuwa 16 carbon atoms, a karkashin al'ada yanayi na ruwa. Kuma waɗanda suke a cikin kwayoyin na wanda 17 ko fiye da sunadaran da wani sinadari, - daskararru.

Alkynes narke da tafasa a wata babbar zazzabi fiye da alkanes da alkenes.

Solubility a ruwa ne bai isa a kula, amma dan kadan fi da cewa da alkenes da alkanes.

Solubility a cikin kwayoyin kaushi ne high.

A mafi yadu used alkyne - acetylene - yana da irin wannan jiki Properties:

  • Yana yana da wani launi.
  • odorless.
  • karkashin al'ada yanayi, shi ne a wani gaseous Jihar tari.
  • Yana yana da ƙananan yawa fiye da iska.
  • tafasar batu - debe 83,6 digiri Celsius.

A sunadarai Properties na alkynes

A cikin wadannan abubuwa, sunadaran suna bonded sau uku bond, wanda ya bayyana su na asali Properties. Alkynes amsa irin wannan:

  • hydrogenation.
  • gidrogalogenirovanie.
  • halogenation.
  • hydration.
  • kona.

Bari mu dauki su domin.

hydrogenation

A sunadarai Properties na alkynes da damar su shiga cikin irin wannan dauki. Wannan irin sinadaran interactions, cikinsa da abu kwayoyin dora kansa to ƙarin hydrogen atoms. Ga wani misali na irin wannan sinadaran dauki a yanayin saukan propyne:

2h 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8

Wannan dauki auku a matakai biyu. A farko propyne kwayoyin dora biyu sunadaran hydrogen, da kuma na biyu - da wannan adadin.

halogenation

Wannan shi ne wani dauki, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin sinadaran Properties na alkynes. Its sakamakon acetylenic hydrocarbon kwayoyin dora halogen kwayoyin halitta. A karshen hada da abubuwa kamar chloro, bromo, iodo, da dai sauransu

Ga wani misali na irin wannan dauki a yanayin saukan ethinyl:

C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 24

A wannan tsari ne kuma zai yiwu tare da wasu acetylenic hydrocarbons.

Gidrogalogenirovanie

Shi ne kuma daya daga cikin manyan halayen, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin sinadaran Properties na alkynes. Yana ta'allaka ne da cewa abu ne ya mayar da martani tare da mahadi kamar NSІ, ni, HBr, da sauransu. Wannan sunadarai dauki auku a matakai biyu. Bari mu dubi da dauki irin wannan a misali na ethinyl:

C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3

C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 42

hydration

Wannan shi ne sinadaran dauki abin da yake a lambar sadarwa da ruwa. Yana kuma ya auku a matakai biyu. Bari mu dubi shi a kan misali na ethinyl:

H 2 Ya + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH

A abu wanda aka kafa bayan mataki na farko dauki kira roba barasa.

Saboda gaskiya cewa bisa ga mulkin Eltekova OH aikin kungiyar ba zai iya zama m zuwa biyu bond, rearrangement na kwayoyin halitta, a sakamakon wanda da roba barasa da aka kafa acetaldehyde.

A tsari na hydration dauki ma kira alkyne Kucherova.

gõbara

Wannan hulda aiwatar da alkynes tare da oxygen a high zazzabi. La'akari da kona abubuwa na wannan kungiya tare da acetylene misali:

2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2h 2 Ya + CO 2 + 3C

Lokacin da wani wuce haddi na oxygen, acetylene, da kuma sauran alkynes ƙona ba tare da samuwar carbon. Kamar wancan ne kasaftawa kawai carbon monoxide da ruwa. A nan ne lissafi na wannan dauki da misali propyne:

4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2h 2 Ya + 3SO 2

Burning sauran acetylenic hydrocarbons ma ya auku kamar wancan. A sakamakon haka, ruwa da aka saki da kuma carbon dioxide.

wasu halayen

Har ila yau acetylenes ne iya maida martani tare da salts da karafa kamar azurfa, tagulla da kuma alli. Kamar wancan akwai canzawa na hydrogen karfe kwayoyin halitta. Ka yi la'akari da wannan misali a cikin ra'ayi na dauki tare da acetylene da azurfa nitrate:

C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2h 2 Ya

Wani mai ban sha'awa aiwatar shafe alkynes - Zelinsky dauki. Wannan samuwar benzene daga acetylene lokacin shi ne mai tsanani zuwa 600 digiri Celsius a gaban kunna carbon. A lissafi ga wannan dauki za a iya bayyana kamar haka:

3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6

Polymerization na alkynes kamar yadda zai yiwu - aiwatar da ƙungiya da dama kwayoyin da dũkiyõyinsu a wani polymer.

liyafar

Alkyne dauki cewa mu tattauna a sama, an shirya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin hanyoyi da dama.

A farko - a dehydrohalogenation. Ga alama dauki lissafi kamar haka:

C 2 H 4 Br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2h 2 Ya + 2KBr

Domin dauke da fitar da wannan tsari ne don zafi da reactants, da kuma ƙara ethanol kamar yadda mai kara kuzari.

Har ila yau, akwai yiwuwar alkynes daga inorganic mahadi. Ga wani misali:

CAC 2 + H 2 Ya = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2

A gaba Hanyar samar da alkyne - dehydrogenation. Ga wani misali na irin wannan dauki:

= 3H 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2

Tare da irin wannan dauki za a iya samu ba kawai ethyne, amma sauran acetylenic hydrocarbons.

A amfani da alkyne

A mafi yadu amfani a masana'antu da aka mafi sauki alkyne - ethyne. An yadu amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.

  • Da ake bukata acetylene ko wasu alkynes don samar da daya da sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi kamar ketones, aldehydes, da kuma sauran kaushi.
  • Har ila yau daga alkynes za a iya samu abubuwa da ake amfani a yi na rubbers, polyvinyl chloride da sauransu.
  • Daga propyne za a iya samu a sakamakon acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
  • Bugu da ƙari, acetylene da ake amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da sinadarai kamar acetic acid, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethyl barasa.
  • More acetylene aka yi amfani a matsayin man fetur tare da wani sosai high zafi na konewa.
  • Har ila yau ethynyl konewa dauki da ake amfani da waldi karafa.
  • Bugu da ƙari, ta amfani da wani acetylene za a iya shirya fasaha da carbon.
  • Har ila yau, wannan abu da ake amfani a tsayawar-shi kadai maras motsi.
  • Acetylene da sauran hydrocarbons yawan wannan kungiya suna amfani da propellants saboda ta high zafi na konewa.

A wannan aikace-aikace alkynes ƙare.

ƙarshe

Kamar yadda karshe ɓangare na tebur ne a takaice da kaddarorin acetylene hydrocarbons da su shiri.

A sunadarai Properties na alkynes: tebur
Name halayen bayani misali lissafi
halogenation Bugu da kari dauki wani kwayoyin na acetylenic hydrocarbon halogen kwayoyin halitta (bromine, aidin, chlorine, da dai sauransu). C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 na na 2
hydrogenation Bugu da kari dauki na wani alkyne kwayoyin hydrogen atoms. Yana auku a matakai biyu.

C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6

C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8

Gidrogalogenirovanie Bugu da kari dauki na acetylene kwayoyin hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Yana auku a matakai biyu.

C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 na I

C 2 H 3 + ni na I = C 2 H 4 na 2

hydration Halayen, wanda dogara ne a kan hulda da ruwa. Yana auku a matakai biyu.

C 2 H 2 + H 2 Ya = C 2 H 3 OH

C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO

The complete hadawan abu da iskar shaka (konewa) Atsetilenovgo maida martani hydrocarbon tare da oxygen a wani dagagge zafin jiki. Wannan samar carbon monoxide da ruwa.

2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2h 2 Ya + 4CO 2

2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 Ya + CO 2 + 3C

Halayen da karfe salts Ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa da karfe kwayoyin halitta suna sauya tare da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin na hydrogen acetylenic hydrocarbons.

C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2h 2 Ya

Samun alkynes iya zama a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da uku hanyoyin:

  • inorganic mahadi.
  • ta dehydrogenation hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.
  • dehydrohalogenation Hanyar kwayoyin abubuwa.

Saboda haka za mu dubi dukan jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye na alkyne, su hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen, da aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 ha.birmiss.com. Theme powered by WordPress.